Timeline of national flags

This article contains a list of the flags and/or modifications made on the flags of current sovereign nations.

Proposed flags, occupation, ephemeral and provisional governments years are marked in italics.

Independence year is marked in bold.

Occupying or colonizing power is not indicated.

Sovereign states

Country before 1600s 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Current Country
Afghanistan
1880

1901

1919

1926

1928
1929

1930

1973

1974

1978


October 1978


1980

1987

1992

December 1992

1996

1997

2001

2002


June 2002


2004

2013

2021
Afghanistan, Islamic Emirate of
Rump State 1996 Government in exile
2021
Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of[1]
Albania
1878[2]

1902[3]

1910

1911

1912[4]

1914

1920

1926

1928

1934

1939

1943

1944

1946

1992

2002
Albania
Algeria
1516
French colonization
1830'

1962
Algeria
Andorra
1806
1866
1934-1934

1939-1949

1949-1959

1959-1971

1971
Andorra
Angola
1975
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
1957

Part of West Indies Federation
1958

1962

1967-Today
Independence from UK
1981
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
1812

1812

1818

1819

1820

1829

1835

1850

1861
Argentina
Armenia
Father Ghevont Alishan design
1885

part of Transcaucasian Federation
1918

1918

1922

1936

1940

1952

1990
Armenia
Australia
1901

1903

1908
Australia
Austria
1230

1804

1918

1938

1945

1955
Austria
Azerbaijan
1918

1918

1920

1922

1937

1940

1952

1990
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
1869

1904

1923

1953

1964

1973

2006
Bahamas
Bahrain
1783

1820

1932

1972

2002
Bahrain
Bangladesh
1971

1972
Bangladesh
Barbados
1885

1958

1962

1966
Barbados
Belarus
1918

1919

1919

1927

1937

1940

1941

1944

1951

1991

1995

2012
Belarus
Belgium
Brabantine Revolution
1790

1830

1831
Belgium
Belize
1919

1981

2019
Belize
Benin
1958

1975

1990
Benin
Bhutan
1949

1956

1969
Bhutan
Bolivia
1825

1826

1851
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1377
1878

1878
1908
1918

1941

1946

1992

1998
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1448 1908
Botswana
1885

1966
Botswana
Brazil
1816

1816

1822

1822

1870

1889

1889

1960

1968

1992
Brazil
Brunei
pre-1906

1906
Japanese occupation
1941

1945

1959
Independence from UK
1984
Brunei
Bulgaria 1878 1908
1918

1946

1948

1967

1971

1991
Bulgaria
1878 1908
Burkina Faso
1959

1984
Burkina Faso
Burundi
1885

1919

1961

1962

1966

1966

1967

1982
Burundi
Cambodia
1863

1887

1942

1945

1953

1970

1975

1979

1989

1992

1993
Cambodia
Cameroon
1884
1916 1957
1961

1975
Cameroon
1916 1922
Canada
1868

1921

1957

1965
Canada
Cape Verde
1816

1826

1830

1911

1975

1992
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
1903

1958
Central African Republic
Chad
1959
Chad
Chile
1812

1817

1818
Chile
China
1888[5]

1912[5]

1928[5]

1949[5]
China, People's Republic of
Colombia
1525

1785

1811

1814

1816

1819

1820

1821

1831

1834
 
1861 1861
Colombia
Comoros
1887

1963

1975

1978

1992

1996

2001
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1877

1960

1963

1966

1971

1997

2003

2006
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
1891

1958

1970

1991
Congo, Republic of the
Costa Rica
1506

1821

1823

1824

1824

1824

1840

1842

1848

1906
Costa Rica
Croatia
1527

1809

1815

1848

1852

1868

1918

1918

1939

1941

1943

1945

1990

1990
Croatia
Cuba
1506

1785

1873

1898

1902

1906

1908

1909

1959
Cuba
Cyprus
1192

1489

1844

1878

1881

1922

1960

1960

2006
Cyprus
Czechia
1198

1804

1918

1920

1939

1945

1990

1993
Czech Republic
Denmark
1500
Denmark
Djibouti
1844

1896

1977
Djibouti
Dominica
1663

1715

1763

1801

1871

1940

1958

1962

1978

1981

1988

1990
Dominica
Dominican Republic
1506

1795

1808

1821

1844

1849

1861

1865
Dominican Republic
East Timor
1702

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1942

1945

1975

1975

1976

1999

2002
East Timor
Ecuador
1534

1785

1809

1812

1820

1822

1822

1830

1835

1845

1845

1860

1900

2009
Ecuador
Egypt
661

750-969

1844

1882

1922

1952

1958

1972

1984
Egypt
El Salvador
1525

1717

1785

1821



1823

1826



1827


1842

1850

1854

1860

1864

1865

1869

1873

1875

1896


1898

1900

1912

1916


1921


1923
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
1667

1707

1750

1778

1785

1931

1936

1938

1945

1968

1973

1979
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
1890

1941

1941

1952

1975

1987

1991

1993

1995
Eritrea
Estonia
1918

1940

1941

1944

1953

1990
Estonia
Eswatini
1890

1894

1903

1968

2011
Eswatini
Ethiopia

1897

1914


1936

1941

1974

1987

1991

1996

2009
Ethiopia
Fiji
1865

1867

1869

1871

1878

1924

1970
Fiji
Finland
1562

1809

1858

1883

1917

1918
Finland
France
1643

1790

1794[6]

1814

1830[7]

1940

1944

1958

1974[8]

2020[8]
France

1940
Gabon
1903

1959

1960
Gabon
Gambia
1783

1801

1965
Gambia
Georgia
1008-1490

1762

1801

1858

1883

1918

1921

1922

1937

1951

1990

2004
Georgia
Germany 1400
1848

1867

1919

1933

1935

1946
1949 Germany
1433 1949 1959
Ghana 1821
1877

1957

1961

1964

1966
Ghana
1612 1795 1806 1810 1814
Greece
1378

1769
1822 1833 1862 1967
1970

1975

1978
Greece
1822 (naval ensign)
Grenada
1663

1715

1763

1779

1783

1801

1875

1903

1958

1962

1967

1974
Grenada
Guatemala
1519

1821

1823

1825

1838

1843

1851

1858

1871
Guatemala
Guinea
1898

1958
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1974
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
1581

1795

1806

1810

1814

1875

1906

1919

1955

1966
Guyana
Haiti
1663

1715

1790

1791

1798

1803

1804

1806

1811

1821

1849

1859

1964

1986
Haiti
Honduras
1519

1821

1823

1825

1838

1866

1898

1898

1949

2022
Honduras
Hungary
1526

1848

1848

1849

1867

1869–1918

1896–1915

1918

1919

1919

1940

1946

1949

1956

1956

1957
Hungary
Iceland
1536

1809

1810

1900

1918

1944
Iceland
India 1526
1858

1906

1907
1908
1917

1921

1931

1947
India
1674 1773
Indonesia
1640

1800

1942

1945
Indonesia
Iran
1576

1736

1747

1760

1796

1849

1852

1907

1933

1964

1980
Iran
Iraq
1844

1921

1958

1959

1963

1991

2004

2008
Iraq
Ireland
1542

1801

1922
Ireland
Israel
1844

1920

1948

1948
Israel
Italy
1802

1805

1814

1861
 
1946

2003

2006
Italy

1943-april 1945
Ivory Coast
1896

1959
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
1655

1801

1875

1906

1957

1958

1962
Jamaica
Japan
701

1192-1573

1603

1868

1945

1952

1999
Japan
Jordan
1844

1920

1921

1958

1958
Jordan
Kazakhstan
1822

1858

1883

1915

1917

1920

1932

1937

1940

1953

1991

1992
Kazakhstan
Kenya
1885

1885

1921

1963
Kenya
Kiribati
1892

1937

1942

1943

1979
Kiribati
Korea, North
960

1800

1856

1882

1882

1888

1893

1893

1899

1910

1945

1946

1946

1948

1992
Korea, North
Korea, South
1945

1948

1949

1984

1997

2011
Korea, South
Kuwait
1521

1844

1899

1914

1921

1940

1961
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
1876

1883

1918

1936

1952

1991

1992

1992
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
1707

1893

1952

1975
Laos
Latvia
1562

1661

1692

1721

1918

1919

1920

1940

1941

1944

1953

1990
Latvia
Lebanon
1697

1844

1918

1920

1943
Lebanon
Lesotho
1795

1801

1875

1884

1966

1987

2006
Lesotho
Liberia
1827

1847
Liberia
Libya
1711

1912

1951

1969

1972

1977

2011
Libya
Liechtenstein
1400

1719

1852

1921

1937

1982
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
1587

1795

1858

1883

1918

1940

1941

1944

1953

1988

2004
Lithuania
Luxembourg
1482

1781

1795

1815

1845

1940

1944
Luxembourg
Madagascar
 1787

1885

1896

1958
Madagascar
Malawi
1907

1953

1963

1964

2010

2012
Malawi
Malaysia
1641

1795

1801

1818

1824

1896

1942

1945

1949

1963
Malaysia
Maldives
1796

1903

1926

1953

1954

1965
Maldives
Mali
1892

1958

1959

1961
Mali
Malta
1530

1798

1800

1801

1814

1875

1898

1923

1943

1964
Malta
Marshall Islands
1885

1889

1914

1919

1944

1947

1965

1979
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
1900

1959

2017
Mauritania
Mauritius
1666

1710

1789

1810

1869

1906

1923

1968
Mauritius
Mexico
1519

1821

1821

1823

1864

1867

1893

1916

1934

1968
Mexico
Micronesia
1885

1899

1914

1919

1944

1947

1965

1979
Micronesia
Moldova
1396

1834

1866

1883

1917

1919

1925

1937

1938

1940

1952

1990
Moldova
1859 1862 1867
Monaco
1793

1881

1942

1945
Monaco
Mongolia
1862

1890

1911

1924

1930

1940

1945

1992

2011
Mongolia
Montenegro
1696

1851

1876

1905

1918

1918

1946

1992

1994

2004
Montenegro
Morocco
1666
1913
1956
Morocco
1921
Mozambique
1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1974

1975

1983

1983

Mozambique
Myanmar
1753

1885

1937

1943

1945

1948

1974

2010
Myanmar
Namibia
1884

1915

1928

1982

1990
Namibia
Nauru
1888

1914

1942

1945

1968
Nauru
Nepal 1768 1856
c.1930

1962
Nepal
Netherlands
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814
Netherlands
New Zealand
1769

1834

1840

1867

1869
New Zealand
Nicaragua
1524

1823

1825

1839

1858

1889

1893

1896

1908

1971
Nicaragua
Niger
1922

1959
Niger
Nigeria
1886

1900

1960
    Nigeria

1967
North Macedonia
1844

1903

1903

1912

1918

1941

1944

1946

1992

1995
North Macedonia
Norway
1536

1814

1818

1821

1844

1900
Norway
Oman
1856

1970

1995
Oman
Pakistan
1526

1747

1761

1849

1858

1880

1947
Pakistan
Palau
1885

1899

1914

1919

1944

1947

1965

1981
Palau
Palestine
1844

1920

1948

1949

1958

1958

1967

1982

1994
Palestine
1949 1952 1958
Panama
1510

1717

1785

1811

1816

1819

1820

1821

1834

1861

1903

1925

2017
Panama
Papua New Guinea 1884 1906
1942
1945
1949

1965

1971
Papua New Guinea
1884 1889 1914 1945
Paraguay
1537

1717

1785

1811

1811

1811

1812

1826

1842

1954

1988

1990

2013
Paraguay
Peru
1542

1717

1785

1820

1822

1822

1825
   
1950
Peru

1836
Philippines
1565

1762

1764

1821

1897

1898

1901

1908

1912

1919

1936

1942

1943

1945

1985

1986

1998
Philippines
Poland
966

c. 1605
Partitions
1795

1807

1815

1815

1863

1919

1928

1939

1944

1980
Poland
Portugal
1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911
Portugal
Qatar
661-750

c.1700

1860

1916

1916

1932

1936

1949

1971
Qatar
Romania 1330 1834
1848

1859

1862

1867

1948

1948

1952

1965

1989

1989
Romania
1396 1834
Russia
1668

1696

1858

1914

1917

1922

1924

1924

1936

1955

1993
Russia

1918

1918

1937

1954

1991
Rwanda
1885

1919

1959

1961

1962

2001
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1626
1713

1801

1871

1958

1962

1967

1983
Saint Kitts and Nevis
1663
Saint Lucia
1663

1715

1743

1756

1762

1763

1778

1783

1789

1796

1801

1802

1803

1903

1939

1962

1967

1979

2002
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1663

1715

1763

1778

1783

1801

1903

1962

1979

1985

1985
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
1858

1873

1879

1887

1900

1914

1922

1948

1949
Samoa
San Marino
1862

2011
San Marino
São Tomé and Príncipe
1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1975
São Tomé and Príncipe
Saudi Arabia
1517
1744 1818 1824 1891 1902 1926
1932

1934

1938

1973
Saudi Arabia
1844 1920
Senegal
1643

1789

1814

1830

1958

1959

1960
Senegal
Serbia
1346

1804

1835

1882

1918

1941

1946
 
1992

2004

2010
Serbia
Seychelles
1756

1811

1903

1961

1976

1977

1996
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
1792

1801

1889

1961
Sierra Leone
Singapore
1699

1819

1874

1925

1942

1945

1946

1959

1963

1965
Singapore
Slovakia
1920

1938

1945

1992
Slovakia
Slovenia
1335

1803

1813

1918

1918

1943

1945

1991
Slovenia
Solomon Islands 1886
1906

1942

1945

1947

1956

1966

1977
Solomon Islands
1893
Somalia
1415

1888

1896

1888/1920

1946

1960
Somalia
South Africa
1652

1664

1795

1801
1875
1910

1912

1928

1982

1994
South Africa
1854
South Sudan
1844

1882

1885

1899

1922

1952

1956

1970

2011

2023
South Sudan
Spain
1506

1701

1760

1785

1873

1875

1931

1936

1938

1945

1977

1981
Spain
Sri Lanka
161 BC[9]

1593

1815

1948

1951

1972
Sri Lanka
Sudan
1844

1882

1885

1899

1922

1952

1956

1970
Sudan
Suriname
1581

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1975
Suriname
Sweden
1562

1815

1844

1905/1906
Sweden
Switzerland
1470

1798

1803

1889
Switzerland
Syria
1844

1920

1920

1922

1932

1958
boder
1961

1963

1972

1980
Syria
Taiwan
1661

1683

1890

1895

1895

1945
China, Republic of (Taiwan)
Tajikistan
1869

1883

1918

1921

1929

1929

1931

1935

1936

1938

1940

1953

1991

1992
Tajikistan
Tanzania
1885

1919

1961

1964
Tanzania

1964
Thailand
1680

1782

1817

1843

1893

1916

1917

2017
Thailand
Togo
1884

1914

1957

1958

1960
Togo
Tonga
1858

1862

1875
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
1498

1796

1801

1889

1962
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
1574

1831

1999
Tunisia
Turkey
1844

1936
Turkey
Turkmenistan
1868

1883

1917

1920

1922

1926

1937

1940

1953

1992

1997

2001
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
1892

1937

1976

1978

1995

1996

1997
Tuvalu
Uganda
1894

1914
Uganda1962 Uganda
Ukraine
1119

1362

1471

1569
c.1772 1849 1890
1917
1920
1941

1944

1949

1991

1992

2006
Ukraine
1654 1668
1696

1858

1919

1929

1937
1649
United Arab Emirates
?-1820

1892

1950

1971
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom 1277[10]
1606[11]

1707[12]

1801[13]
United Kingdom

1542[14]

1606[11]
United States of America
1775

1777

1795

1818

1819

1820

1822

1836

1837

1845

1846

1847

1848

1851

1858

1859

1861

1863

1865

1867

1877

1890

1891

1896

1908

1912

1959

1960
United States of America
Uruguay
1624

1717

1785

1812

1815

1821

1822

1825

1828

1830
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
1785

1920

1924

1953

1991
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
1887
1906 1953
1980
Vanuatu
1906 1940 1945
Vatican City
754

1803

1825

1849

1849

1870

1929
Vatican City
Venezuela
1522

1785

1811

1813

1814

1817

1819

1820

1821

1836

1859

1859

1863

1905

1930

1954

2006
Venezuela
Vietnam
1885

1887

1890

1920
1945 1955
1976
Vietnam

1945

1945

1946

1948

1975
Yemen
1872
1918 1923 1927 1962
1990
Yemen
1886 1937 1962 1967
Zambia
1924

1953

1963

1964

1996
Zambia
Zimbabwe
1896

1923

1953

1964

1968

1979

1979

1980
Zimbabwe
Country before 1700s Current Country
1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

States with limited recognition

Country Before 1900 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Current Country
Abkhazia
Lykhnensky revolt
1866

1921

1931

1935

1937

1938

1951

1992
Abkhazia
Artsakh
1991
Artsakh
Kosovo UN administration
1999

2008
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
1984
Northern Cyprus
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1976
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
1903

1950

1952
Annexed to Somalia
1960

1991

1994
Somaliland
South Ossetia
1992
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Republic of Formosa
1895
Japanese annexation
1895

1945
Taiwan (ROC)
Transnistria
1937

1938

1940

1992
Transnistria
Country Before 1900 Current Country
1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

Dependent territories

Territory before 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Current Territory
Åland
1562

1809

1858

1883

1917

1918

1921

1954
Åland
Anguilla
1667

1801

1871

1958

1967

1969

1990
Anguilla
Aruba
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1976
Aruba
Ascension Island
1657

1801

1874

1984

2009
Ascension Island
Bermuda
1684

1801

1875

1910

1999
Bermuda
Bonaire
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1981
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
1672

1801

1960
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
1670

1801

1958

1999
Cayman Islands
Christmas Island
1770

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954

1986
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1770

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954

2003
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cook Islands
1858

1888

1893

1901

1902

1973

1979
Cook Islands
Curaçao
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1981
Curaçao
Easter Island
1541

1717

1785

1812
 
1817 1817

2006
Easter Island
Falkland Islands
1876

1925

1948

1999
Falkland Islands
Faroe Islands
1219

1940
Faroe Islands
French Guiana
1643

1790

1794

1830

1958

1976

1995
French Guiana
French Polynesia
1643

1790

1794

1814

1830

1976

1984
French Polynesia
Gibraltar
1704

1801

1875

1921

1939

1982
Gibraltar
Greenland
1606

1989
Greenland
Guernsey
1801

1890

1936

1985
Guernsey
Hong Kong
1843

1871

1876

1941

1945

1955

1959

1997
Hong Kong
Jersey
1801

1907

1977

1981
Jersey
Macau
1667

1707

1750

1816

1826

1830

1911

1975

1999
Macau
Montserrat
1672

1801

1960

1999
Montserrat
New Caledonia
1643

1790

1794

1814

1830

1976

1991
New Caledonia
Niue
1769

1834

1840

1867

1902

1975
Niue
Norfolk Island
1770

1801

1901

1903

1908

1954

1979
Norfolk Island
Pitcairn Islands
1790

1838

1984
Pitcairn Islands
Saba
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1985
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
1643

1790

1794

1830

1958

1976

2001
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Helena
1657

1801

1874

1984
Saint Helena
Sint Eustatius
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1986

2004
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
1581
/
1652

1795

1806

1810

1814

1959

1985
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1876

1925

1948

1992

1999
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Tristan da Cunha
1657

1801

1874

1984

2002
Tristan da Cunha
Tokelau
1769

1834

1840

1867

1902

1989

2009
Tokelau
Turks and Caicos Islands
1681

1706

1801

1889

1968

1999
Turks and Caicos Islands
Wallis and Futuna
1643

1790

1794

1814

1830

1842

1860

1886

1887

1910

1958

1985
Wallis and Futuna
Territory Before 1700s Current Territory
1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

See also

References

  1. The UN continues to recognize the Islamic Republic as the Afghanistan's legitimate government.
  2. Dedaj, Martin (12 September 2018). "Një flamur i vjetër kombëtar shqiptar me mbishkrimin "MIRDITA", i ngjashëm me flamurin e Kastriotëve, ruhet sot e kësaj dite në një familje mirditore…" (in Albanian). Pirusti News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  3. "Juan Pedro Aladro Kastriota, Albanian Pretender". Ottoman History Podcast. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  4. "Cover Page" (PDF). Perlindja e Shqipëniës (in Albanian). 7 March 1914. p. 331. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  5. Xing, Fei (2013). The Study of Vexillology in China (PDF). 25th International Congress of Vexillology. Rotterdam: International Federation of Vexillological Associations.
  6. "The French Flag". www.diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  7. "History of the French flag". Société française de vexillologie. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  8. AFP (16 November 2021). "Macron reverts French flag to navy blue from lighter EU shade". Euronews. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  9. "Sri Lanka's National Flag". The Sunday Times. 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  10. Perrin, William Gordon (1922). British flags, their early history, and their development at sea; with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  11. Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The art of heraldry: an encyclopædia of armory. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. p. 399. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  12. Johnson, Ben. "The Act of Union". Historic UK. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  13. The European Magazine: And London Review. Vol. 39. Philological Society of London. 1801. p. 74.
  14. National Library of Scotland (1542). "Plate from the Lindsay Armorial". Scran. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
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