The Cockleshell Heroes

The Cockleshell Heroes is a 1955 British Technicolor war film with Trevor Howard, Anthony Newley, Christopher Lee, David Lodge and José Ferrer, who also directed.[3] The film depicts a heavily fictionalised version of Operation Frankton, the December 1942 raid on German cargo shipping by British Royal Marines Commandos, who infiltrated Bordeaux Harbour using folding kayaks.

The Cockleshell Heroes
US cinema poster
Directed byJosé Ferrer
Screenplay byBryan Forbes
Richard Maibaum
Based onCockleshell Heroes
1951 Reader's Digest story
by George Kent
Produced byPhil C. Samuel, Cubby Broccoli
StarringJosé Ferrer
Trevor Howard, Christopher Lee
CinematographyJohn Wilcox
Edited byAlan Osbiston
Music byJohn Addison
Production
company
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
Release date
  • 16 November 1955 (1955-11-16) (UK)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Box office$200,000 (Germany)[2]

It was the first Warwick Film to be filmed in CinemaScope. The producer, Cubby Broccoli, went on to produce films about a famous fictional commander of the Royal Navy in the James Bond franchise.

It was one of the top British box office hits of 1956.

Plot
Original cockleshell canoe

During the Second World War, newly promoted Major Stringer of the Royal Marines devises a novel idea for a raid. By using collapsible canoes, he believes it is possible for commandos to reach an enemy-held harbour undetected and blow up ships with limpet mines. He is given command of a small group of volunteers.

However, he clashes with his veteran second-in-command, the cynical, by-the-book Captain Hugh Thompson. The two officers represent the clash of cultures in the Royal Marines in the Second World War and postwar. Stringer, a temporary wartime officer, is the enthusiastic promoter of commando operations requiring daring and initiative, but has no experience leading men or operations. Thompson, an embittered middle-aged regular captain who has been repeatedly passed over for promotion after failing to take an objective in the First World War. represents the old guard of traditional ship's detachments. Sergeant Craig trains the men following Stringer's directions, but Thompson strongly disapproves of his commander's lax methods. When a test mission ends disastrously, Stringer admits his mistake and turns to Thompson, who soon whips the marines into shape.

Ruddock, one of the men, goes AWOL due to marital problems. Thompson gets to Ruddock's wife first and finds her with her civilian lover, but leaves when they both insult him. He goes to the local pub for a drink and finds the missing Marine. Thompson gives Ruddock enough time to beat up his wife's paramour, then drives him back to camp.

The raid is launched soon afterwards by submarine in HMS Tuna under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Greaves (in real life HMS Tuna was actually commanded by Lt Cmndr Dick Raikes but because he was still on active secret duty at the time of filming, his name was changed to Greaves). The commandos are inserted into the sea close to the mouth of the Gironde river in their Cockle Mk II collapsible canoes as Greaves resubmerges and HMS Tuna disappears. As the submarine carrying the canoeists arrive off the Gironde estuary, a depth charge attack by a passing German patrol boat knocks out Ruddock's partner. Thompson, who was not supposed to go on the raid, volunteers to take his place. The raiders then disembark and begin their attack. Following hard routine they now face seventy miles of arduous paddling upriver. After moving by night and hiding by day, only four crews reach the target, where they plant limpet mines on a number of German cargo ships. All this takes place during harsh December weather.

The raid is successful, but only Stringer and Clarke manage to escape. Four, including Thompson and Ruddock, are captured while the other four are killed on the way to the docks. When Thompson and the other prisoners refuse to divulge what their mission was, they are shot by firing squad, just as the mines explode.[4]

Main cast

Development

In 1953, it was reported that the Australian author Hugh Hastings was working on a script called "Cockleshell Heroes" for the star Gregory Peck and the director Lewis Milestone.[5] The script was based on a Reader's Digest account of the mission by George Kent.[6]

Film rights to the story eventually went to Warwick Films, a new production company based in Britain run by the American producers Albert Broccoli, who would later produce many James Bond films, and Irving Allen. Warwick's first film had been The Red Beret, based on a real-life British commando raid in the Second World War, with an American star in the lead role. It was very popular; The Cockleshell Heroes followed the same formula. It was the company's fourth movie.

It was the first independent film shot in Britain to use CinemaScope. (Warwick had secured the use of the process for Cockleshell and A Prize of Arms.)[7]

Casting

Alan Ladd had appeared in Warwick's first three films, and was discussed as a possible star. So too was Richard Widmark[8] who ended up making A Prize of Gold for the company instead. When the British Admiralty was approached to co-operate it requested that Spencer Tracy play the lead.[9]

Eventually, José Ferrer was signed to star, with Terence Young to direct. Young arrived in Hollywood in October 1954 to discuss the film with Ferrer.[10] At the time, Ferrer was considered a film star having appeared in the popular Moulin Rouge. He was also a renowned theatre director and had just directed his first feature, The Shrike (1955). By January 1955, it was announced that Ferrer would direct as well as star in The Cockleshell Heroes.[11]

Script

The script was written by Bryan Forbes who was better known at the time as an actor. Forbes had been writing a lot of short stories and journalistic pieces, and had done some uncredited work on the screenplay for Warwick's The Black Knight. Forbes later said, "I got the reputation as a fast man with a pen, and as a result of that I got my first real screenplay assignment for Cockleshell Heroes."[12]

Ferrer had Forbes's script rewritten by Richard Maibaum, who had worked on several Warwick movies,[13] which Forbes admitted "I didn't appreciate".[14]

Shooting

Filming started in March 1955.[15]

Filming was done in Portugal and at several Royal Marine establishments, with the Commandant-General Royal Marines training the actors for drill and canoe handling. The training camp scenes in the film were shot at Eastney Barracks in Southsea, Hampshire. Many of the barrack buildings seen in the film still exist including the military buildings further up the beach where the scene to dispose of the live explosive device before its fuse time expired was filmed. The Royal Navy ships, HMS Flint Castle and HMS Leeds Castle, were used to portray a German anti-submarine vessel dropping depth charges. This resulted in the ship dropping the first depth charges being seen with F383 on its side but in the next shot it has F384 on the side. The two corvettes were both scrapped shortly after filming (in 1956 and 1958 respectively). Studio scenes were shot at Shepperton.[16]

The limpet mine scenes were filmed in the King George V Docks in North Woolwich and many of the other scenes were filmed on the adjacent bomb sites and at derelict houses in the area. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert "Blondie" Hasler, RM, the leader of the real-life raid, was seconded to Warwick Films as a technical advisor.[17] Ex-Corporal Bill Sparks, the other survivor of the raid, was also an advisor.

"It was not a happy picture at all," said Forbes. "Ferrer was a megalomaniac."[18]

The film briefly uses several railway locations including the level crossing (Military Road) adjacent to Fort Brockhurst railway station on the (by then "goods only") Gosport branch in Hampshire. The station buildings and former platforms survive today as a private residence. As he cycles south, Ferrer has to wait for a passing northbound train (a van hauled by LSWR T9 class locomotive 30729) so he takes the opportunity to abandon his bicycle in favour of a ride in the rear of a fish lorry. Later, Ferrer steals the fish lorry only to abandon it at Shepperton Station (Surrey) in order to catch a just-departing Up train allegedly to Portsmouth, steam train noises being provided on this otherwise electric branch.

In another sequence, David Lodge ducks out of sight into a brick bus shelter alongside the North Woolwich Branch. This was possibly at the footbridge opposite Fernhill Street on Albert Road, west of North Woolwich station. David Lodge is also filmed running over the road bridge adjacent to Chertsey railway station where a Southern electric train can be seen drawing into the Up platform.

The film location where Marine Cooney leaps off a road bridge into a coal wagon (within a Southampton-bound goods train hauled by an LSWR S15 class locomotive) is Chertsey Road, Addlestone, with Egham Hill and Chertsey in the background as well as Addlestone Cemetery beyond the two fields to the left of the railway line. Now numbered the A318, Chertsey Road and this location are almost unrecognisable following road realignments for the building of the A317 St Peter's Way along with subsequent property developments.

Trevor Howard and David Lodge nearly drowned while filming a sequence in a canoe when the canoe overturned.[19]

During production the film was sometimes known as Survivors Two.[20]

The then-famous British singer, Yana (Pamela Guard), is shown in a cameo role as a sweetly-singing blonde Wren (Women's Royal Naval Service member) in a pub scene, shortly before a brawl erupts.[21]

In order to get permission to film in Portugal, Warwick Films had to make a documentary about the country, April in Portugal. This was directed by Euan Lloyd, who worked for Warwick, and featured Howard.[22]

The budget was £267,406 plus fees for Ferrer, Broccoli and Allen.[23]

Reshoots

Irving Allen decided Maibaum's script did not have enough comedy, so he had Forbes rewrite Maibaum's revision and direct some sequences without telling Ferrer. When Ferrer found out, he left the film.[24]

Forbes later said, "I was responsible for reshooting a great deal of them, without Ferrer's knowledge, because the producers weren't happy with the way it was going."[25] He says these scenes involved Howard and were directed by Allen. Forbes was on set during these which he said "was really valuable training which would serve me well later on" when he became a director.[26]

During filming, the two survivors of the mission told the producers they had no idea what the cargo was in the ships that were destroyed. After the film was completed, Broccoli claimed that the Duke of Edinburgh and Lord Mountbatten told him the contents of the cargo were radar equipment bound for Japan. Broccoli thought this made the story more interesting and had additional sequences shot to be added to the release print.[27] This cost an extra $5,600.[28]

Reception

Box office

It was one of the ten most popular films at the British box office in 1956.[29] The film performed poorly at the US box office, like most British war movies of this era.[30]

Book

Based on the real-life Operation Frankton, the film was quickly followed by the publication of Brigadier C. E. Lucas Phillips' book of the same name. Commanding officer Herbert "Blondie" Hasler had connections with both the film and the book. He hated the title of both and left his role as technical adviser for the former to try to set the matter right in the latter.[31][32]

See also

References
  1. BBFC Database: The Cockleshell Heroes - inspected 11/11/1955. Retrieved 7 June 2014
  2. Meyers, Harold (21 November 1956). "Row Looms on Granting Licences for Brit Pix Made by US Outfits". Variety. p. 14.
  3. "The Cockleshell Heroes (1955) - José Ferrer - Cast and Crew - AllMovie". AllMovie.
  4. "Cockleshell Heroes". The Australian Women's Weekly. National Library of Australia. 11 July 1956. p. 47. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  5. "Sydney's Talking About—". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 13 August 1953. p. 5 Section: Women's Section. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  6. "MOVIE NOTES". Cessnock Eagle and South Maitland Recorder. NSW: National Library of Australia. 2 April 1954. p. 3. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
    - Scheuer, Philip K (12 June 1953). "Busy Champions Will Do Concertized Revue; Joan Taylor Borrowed". Los Angeles Times. p. B7.
  7. A. H. Weiler (13 December 1953). "BY WAY OF REPORT: Independent Group to Make CinemaScope Pictures in England -- Other Matters". New York Times. p. X9.
  8. "Stars Invade U.K." The Newcastle Sun. NSW: National Library of Australia. 20 May 1954. p. 22. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
  9. Hopper, Hedda (6 September 1954). "Alan Ladd Asked to Star in Robber Movie". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. b12.
  10. Thomas M Pryor (5 October 1954). "FERRER IS SOUGHT FOR A WAR MOVIE: Wanted for Starring Role in 'Cockleshell Heroes,' to Be Filmed in England". New York Times. p. 23.
  11. Thomas M Pryor (7 January 1955). "FILM PACT SIGNED BY JOSHUA LOGAN: He Will Make His Debut as Screen Director in 'Picnic' Adaptation for Columbia". New York Times. p. 16.
  12. Dixon p 63
  13. Forbes, Bryan (1974). Notes for a Life. Collins. p. 249.
  14. Dixon p 63
  15. Thomas M Pryor (15 February 1955). "THE LITTLE HUT' PLANNED AS FILM: F. Hugh Herbert and Mark Robson Form Partnership to Do Play by Roussin". New York Times. p. 32.
  16. "These Are the Facts", Kinematograph Weekly, 31 May 1956, p 14
  17. Mackenzie, S.P. (2001). British War Films. Continuum International Publishing. p. 144.
  18. Dixon p 64
  19. "It was not an act". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 3 May 1955. p. 6. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  20. A. H. Weiler (3 July 1955). "NOTED ON THE LOCAL MOVIE SCENE: Ferrer Acquires Pair Of Stories -- Other Film Matters". New York Times. p. X5.
  21. The Daily Telegraph Third Book of Obituaries: Entertainers. Pan. 1 January 1998. ISBN 9780330367752.
  22. Knight, Vivienne (1987). Trevor Howard : a gentleman and a player : the authorized biography. Beaufort Books. p. 113.
  23. Chapman, J. (2022). The Money Behind the Screen: A History of British Film Finance, 1945-1985. Edinburgh University Press p 359
  24. Harper, Sue; Vincent Porter (2003). British Cinema of the 1950s: the Decline of Deference. Oxford University Press. p. 129.
  25. Dixon p 63-64
  26. Dixon p 64
  27. "NEW SHOTS FOR FILM OF MARINES: On Duke's Information". The Manchester Guardian. Manchester (UK). 21 November 1955. p. 2.
  28. "Movie Scene Reshot After Duke's Critique". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. 22 November 1955. p. 28.
  29. "BRITISH. FILMS MADE MOST MONEY: BOX-OFFICE SURVEY". The Manchester Guardian. Manchester (UK). 28 December 1956. p. 3.
  30. "British War Themes Disappoint". Variety. 8 August 1956. p. 7.
  31. One Foreword for CHFWitness by Matthew Little, former RMM Archivist and librarian
  32. The Cockleshell Heroes at IMDb

Notes
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