South London

South London began at Southwark[1] at the southern end of London Bridge, the first permanent crossing over the river, with early development of the area being a direct result of the existence and location of the bridge.

South of London in 1800. The border between Surrey and Kent is shown running south from Deptford, through Sydenham

The heads of traitors were displayed on spikes, on the southern gatehouse of London Bridge

St Olaf's House, Southwark. Olaf, later St Olaf, helped the English retake London Bridge from his fellow Norsemen.

Southwark was first known as Suthriganaweorc[2], the fortress of the men of Surrey, mentioned in the Burghal Hidage as part of military system created by Alfred the Great to defeat the Great Heathen Army of the Vikings. Southwark was also known as the Borough due to be it being an incorporated (nationally represented) Borough from 1295. From 1550 to 1899 it was administered as part of the City of London and referred to as the ward of Bridge Without.

In 1720, John Strype's 'Survey of London' described Southwark as one of the then four distinct areas of London; in it he describes the City of London, Westminster (West London), Southwark (South London), and 'That Part Beyond the Tower' (East London). The area now usually referred to as North London developed later. As late as the mid 18th century, however, there were no other bridges crossing the river and as a result urban growth was considerably slower in the south than in areas north of the Thames.

The opening of Westminster Bridge and other subsequent bridges to the west encouraged growth in the south-west, but only Tower Bridge was built to the east of London Bridge, so south-east London grew more slowly, at least until the Surrey Commercial Docks were built.

The development of a dense network of railway lines in the mid nineteenth century significantly accelerated growth. The County of London was formed in 1899, which incorporated these boroughs south of the river: Wandsworth, Lambeth, Battersea, Camberwell, Southwark, Bermondsey, Deptford, Lewisham, Greenwich and Woolwich. During the first half of the 20th century, towns in the Home Counties such as Kingston, Croydon and Bromley gradually coalesced with South London, until Greater London was formed in 1965.

A significant feature of south London's economic geography is that while there are more than thirty bridges linking the area with West London and the City, there is only one, Tower Bridge, linking the area with East London.

Very little of London's underground rail network lies south of the river, largely due to the challenging geology;[4] however, 21st-century technology makes tunnelling much cheaper (though stations are still expensive) and this may lead to an improved underground provision in south London with the Crossrail 2 line proposed alongside extensions to the Northern and Bakerloo Lines.

South London contains an extensive overground rail network[4] and all of London's trams operate within the area.

The 12 boroughs included, in whole or part are:

	London borough	Postcode areas	2008 sub-region	London Assembly[5]	Historic county	Inner London/Outer London
	Bexley	DA, SE	South East	Bexley and Bromley	Kent	Outer London
	Bromley	BR, DA, SE, TN, CR	South East	Bexley and Bromley	Kent	Outer London
	Croydon	CR, SE, SW, BR	South West	Croydon and Sutton	Surrey	Outer London
	Greenwich	SE, DA, BR	South East	Greenwich and Lewisham	Kent	Inner London (Outer London for statistics)
	Kingston	KT, SW,	South West	South West	Surrey	Outer London
	Lambeth	SE, SW	South East	Lambeth and Southwark	Surrey	Inner London
	Lewisham	SE, BR	South East	Greenwich and Lewisham	Kent	Inner London
	Merton	CR, SM, SW	South West	Merton and Wandsworth	Surrey	Outer London
	Richmond (part)	TW,SW	South West	South West	Surrey	Outer London
	Southwark	SE	South East	Lambeth and Southwark	Surrey	Inner London
	Sutton	SM, KT,	South West	Croydon and Sutton	Surrey	Outer London
	Wandsworth	SW	South West	Merton and Wandsworth	Surrey	Inner London

A small area of land, on which the southern end of Blackfriars Bridge stands, is not part of Southwark. It forms part of the City of London, a sui generis local authority which is mainly located north of the Thames.

The term 'south London' has been used for a variety of formal purposes with the boundaries defined according to the purposes of the designation.

South London is, like other parts of London and the UK in general, a temperate maritime climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Three Met Office weather stations currently collect climate data south of the river; Kew, Hampton and Kenley Airfield, on the southern edge of the urban area.[12] Long term climate observations dating back to 1763[13] are available for Greenwich, although observations ceased here in 2003.

Temperatures increase towards the Thames, firstly because of the urban warming effect of the surrounding area, but secondly due to altitude decreasing towards the river, meaning the southern margins of south London are often a couple of degrees cooler than those areas adjacent to the Thames. Often snow can be seen to lie on the North Downs near Croydon when central London is snow free.

The record high temperature at Greenwich is 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) recorded during August 2003.[14] Sunshine is notably lower than other London area weather stations (by about 50–100 hours a year), suggesting Greenwich may be a fog trap in winter, and that the hillier land to the south may obscure early morning and late evening sunshine.

The highest temperature recorded across south London was 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) on the same occasion at Kew Gardens. Although the Met Office accepts a higher reading from Brogdale in Kent, many have questioned the accuracy of this[15] and regard the Kew reading as the most reliable highest UK temperature reading.

• Central London
• East London
• Inner London
• North London
• Outer London
• West London
• South Bank

Wikimedia Commons has media related to South London.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for South London.

• "North London v South London – The debate". Time Out London. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009.
• Alan Rutter and Peter Watts (13 December 2005). "North London v South London – The debate". Time Out London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2009.