Setaria

Setaria is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.[5][6] The name is derived from the Latin word seta, meaning "bristle" or "hair", which refers to the bristly spikelets.[7]

This article is about the grass genus. For the roundworm genus, see Setaria (roundworm). For the lichen genus, see Bryoria.

Foxtail
Setaria parviflora in Hawai'i
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Supertribe: Panicodae
Tribe: Paniceae
Subtribe: Cenchrinae
Genus: Setaria
P.Beauv. 1812, conserved name not Ach. ex Michx. 1803 (a lichen)[1][2]
Type species
Setaria viridis
Synonyms[4]
  • Acrochaete Peter
  • Chaetochloa Scribn.
  • Cymbosetaria Schweick.
  • Camusiella Bosser
  • Tansaniochloa Rauschert
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet
caption=Setaria distantiflora (A.Rich.) Pilg., herbarium sheet

The genus includes over 100 species distributed in many tropical and temperate regions around the world,[8] and members are commonly known as foxtail or bristle grasses.[2][9][10][11][12][13]

Description

The grass is topped by a cylindrical long-haired head, which tend to droop when ripe. The seeds are less than 6 millimetres (1⁄4 inch) in length.[14]

Species
Currently accepted[15][4][16][17]
  • Setaria acromelaena
  • Setaria alonsoi Pensiero & A.M.Anton
  • Setaria apiculata (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
  • Setaria appendiculata (Hack.) Stapf
  • Setaria arizonica Rominger
  • Setaria atrata Hack. ex Engl.
  • Setaria australiensis – scrub pigeon grass
  • Setaria austrocaledonica
  • Setaria barbata (Lam.) Kunth – bristly foxtail grass, corn grass, Mary grass
  • Setaria barbinodis R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria bathiei A.Camus
  • Setaria cernua Kunth
  • Setaria chondrachne (Steud.) Honda
  • Setaria cinerea T. Koyama
  • Setaria clivalis (Ridl.) Veldkamp
  • Setaria cordobensis R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria corrugata (Elliott) Schult.
  • Setaria dielsii R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria elementii (Domin) R.D. Webster
  • Setaria faberi R.A.W.Herrm. – giant foxtail, Chinese foxtail
  • Setaria fiebrigii R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria finita Launert
  • Setaria forbesiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f.
  • Setaria globulifera (Steud.) Griseb.
  • Setaria gracillima Hook.f.
  • Setaria grandis Stapf
  • Setaria grisebachii E.Fourn.
  • Setaria guizhouensis S.L.Chen & G.Y.Sheng
  • Setaria hassleri Hack.
  • Setaria homonyma (Steud.) Chiov.
  • Setaria humbertiana A.Camus
  • Setaria hunzikeri Anton
  • Setaria incrassata (Hochst.) Hack. – Vlei bristlegrass
  • Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult.
  • Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. – foxtail millet, dwarf setaria, Italian millet
  • Setaria jaffrei Morat
  • Setaria kagerensis Mez
  • Setaria lachnea (Nees) Kunth
  • Setaria latifolia (Scribn.) R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria leucopila (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum. – plains bristle grass, streambed bristle grass
  • Setaria liebmannii E.Fourn.
  • Setaria lindenbergiana (Nees) Stapf
  • Setaria longipila E.Fourn.
  • Setaria longiseta P.Beauv.
  • Setaria macrosperma (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
  • Setaria macrostachya Kunth
  • Setaria madecassa A.Camus
  • Setaria magna Griseb. – giant bristle grass
  • Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz – broad-leaved bristle grass, ribbon bristle grass
  • Setaria mendocina Phil.
  • Setaria mildbraedii C.E.Hubb.
  • Setaria montana Reeder
  • Setaria nepalense (Spreng.) Müll. Stuttg.
  • Setaria nicorae Pensiero
  • Setaria nigrirostris (Nees) T.Durand & Schinz – black-seed bristle grass
  • Setaria oblongata (Griseb.) Parodi
  • Setaria obscura de Wit
  • Setaria oplismenoides R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria orthosticha K.Schum. ex R.A.W.Herrm.
  • Setaria palmeri Henrard
  • Setaria palmifolia (J.Koenig) Stapf – palm grass, highland pitpit
  • Setaria pampeana Parodi ex Nicora
  • Setaria paraguayensis Pensiero
  • Setaria parodii Nicora
  • Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen – knotroot bristle grass, slender pigeon grass
  • Setaria paspalidioides Vickery
  • Setaria pauciflora Linden ex Herrm.
  • Setaria paucifolia (Morong) Lindm.
  • Setaria perrieri A.Camus
  • Setaria petiolata Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
  • Setaria pflanzii Pensiero
  • Setaria plicata
  • Setaria poiretiana – grama negra, gramalote sacha
  • Setaria pseudaristata (Peter) Pilg.
  • Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – yellow foxtail
  • Setaria queenslandica Domin
  • Setaria restioidea (Franch.) Stapf
  • Setaria rigida Stapf
  • Setaria roemeri Jansen
  • Setaria rosengurttii (Nicora)
  • Setaria sagittifolia (A.Rich.) Walp.
  • Setaria scabrifolia (Nees) Kunth
  • Setaria scandens Schrad.
  • Setaria scheelei (Steud.) Hitchc. – southwestern bristle grass
  • Setaria scottii (Hack.) A.Camus
  • Setaria seriata Stapf
  • Setaria setosa (Sw.) P.Beauv.
  • Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. – African bristle grass, South African pigeon grass
  • Setaria stolonifera Boldrini
  • Setaria submacrostachya Luces
  • Setaria sulcata Raddi
  • Setaria surgens Stapf
  • Setaria tenacissima Schrad.
  • Setaria tenax (Rich.) Desv.
  • Setaria texana Emery
  • Setaria vaginata Spreng.
  • Setaria vatkeana K.Schum.
  • Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. – bristly foxtail
  • Setaria villosissima (Scribn. & Merr.) K.Schum.
  • Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. – green foxtail
  • Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. – plains bristle grass
  • Setaria welwitschii Rendle
  • Setaria yunnanensis Keng f. & K.D.Yu
Formerly included[4]

Numerous species were once considered members of Setaria but have since been reassigned to the following genera: Brachiaria, Dissochondrus, Echinochloa, Holcolemma, Ixophorus, Oplismenus, Panicum, Paspalidium, Pennisetum, Pseudoraphis, Setariopsis, and Urochloa

Uses

The grains can be eaten raw, though are hard and can be bitter; boiling can reduce both of these properties.[14]

Several species have been domesticated and used as staple crops throughout history: foxtail millet (S. italica), korali (S. pumila) in India, and, before the full domestication of maize, Setaria macrostachya in Mexico.[18] Several species are still cultivated today as food or as animal fodder, such as foxtail millet and korali (S. pumila), while others are considered invasive weeds.[19] S. viridis is currently being developed as a genetic model system for bioenergy grasses.

Other species that have been cultivated as crops include S. palmifolia (highland pitpit) of Papua New Guinea, where it is cultivated as a green vegetable; S. parviflora (knot-root foxtail), historically cultivated in Mesoamerica; and S. sphacelata (African bristle grass) of Sudan, a "lost millet" of Nubia.[20]

See also

References
  1. Tropicos, Setaria Ach. ex Michx.
  2. "Genus: Setaria P. Beauv". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  3. lectotype designated by Hitchcock, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(3): 156 (1920)
  4. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie page 51 in Latin
  6. Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIII (13), figure III (3) line drawing of Setaria viridis
  7. Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 4: R-Q. CRC Press. p. 2470. ISBN 0-8493-2673-7.
  8. Aliscioni, S., et al. An overview of the genus Setaria (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) in the Old World: Systematic revision and phylogenetic approach. Abstract. Botany 2004. Salt Lake City. August 3, 2004.
  9. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 1, 499, 531 狗尾草属 gou wei cao shu Setaria P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 51. 1812
  10. Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  11. Altervista Flora Italiana Archived 2015-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Atlas of Living Australia
  13. Sanbi Red List of South African Plants
  14. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. The Plant List search for Setaria
  16. "Setaria". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
  17. "GRIN Species Records of Setaria". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  18. Diao, Xianmin; Jia, Guanqing (2017). "Origin and Domestication of Foxtail Millet". Genetics and Genomics of Setaria. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. 19. pp. 61–72. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45105-3_4. ISBN 978-3-319-45103-9. ISSN 2363-9601.
  19. Dekker, Jack (29 February 2004). "4". In Inderjit (ed.). Weed Biology and Management. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 65–67. ISBN 9781402017612.
  20. Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). "Millets: Origins and Development". Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 4945–4948. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2181. ISBN 978-1-4419-0426-3. S2CID 129203615.
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