Sepik–Ramu languages

Sepik–Ramu
Sepik–Ramu
(obsolete)
Geographic; distribution	New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Proposed language family
Subdivisions	Sepik; Ramu; Nor–Pondo; Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi); Tayap;
Glottolog	None

The Sepik–Ramu languages are an obsolete language family of New Guinea linking the Sepik, Ramu, Nor–Pondo (Lower Sepik), Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi) and Yuat families, together with the Taiap language isolate, and proposed by Donald Laycock and John Z'graggen in 1975.[1]

Sepik–Ramu would consist of a hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea, but spoken by only 200,000 people in all. The languages tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones.

The best known Sepik–Ramu language is Iatmül. The most populous are Iatmül's fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken, with about 35,000 speakers apiece.

Malcolm Ross and William A. Foley separately re-evaluated the Sepik–Ramu hypothesis in 2005. They both found no evidence that it forms a valid family. However, all of the constituent branches, except for Yuat within Ramu, remain individually valid in his evaluation. Ross links Nor–Pondo to Ramu in a Ramu–Lower Sepik proposal, places Leonhard Schultze (tentatively broken up into Walio and Papi) within an extended Sepik family, and treats Yuat and Taiap as independent families.

Classification

Ethnologue

This list is a mirror of the classification in Ethnologue 15.

Sepik–Ramu phylum (based on Laycock 1973)

Taiap isolate
Leonhard Schultze stock
- Walio family (4 languages)
- Papi family (2 languages)
Nor–Pondo stock (6 languages)
Ramu subphylum (37 languages)
- Ramu superstock (29 languages)
  - Grass stock (5 languages)
  - Arafundi family (2 languages)
  - Annaberg stock (3 languages)
  - Ruboni stock (8 languages)
    - Ottilien family
    - Misegian family
  - Goam stock (11 languages)
    - Ataitan family
    - Tamolan family
- Yuat–Langam superstock (13 languages)
  - Mongol–Langam family
  - Yuat–Maramba stock
    - Maramba isolate (unattested)
    - Yuat family
Sepik subphylum (50 languages) [see subclassification at that article]

Foley (2018)

Uncontroversially coherent subgroups accepted by Foley (2018) are:[2]

Sepik (11 groups)

Ramu (5 groups)

Lower Sepik

Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)

Walio
Papi

Yuat

Taiap

Lexical comparison

Below is a comparison of proto-Ndu, proto-Lower Sepik, and proto-Ottilien reconstructed by and listed in Foley (2005).[3]

gloss	proto-Ndu	proto-Lower Sepik	proto-Ottilien
man, person	*ntɨw	*nor	*namot
water	*ŋkɨw	*arɨm
fire	*ya	*awr	*s(u)ək
sun	*ɲa		*ra(u)
moon	*mpapmɨw	*m(w)il ?	*kər(v)i
breast	*mɨwɲ	*nɨŋgay	*mɨr
tooth	*nɨmpɨy	*sisiŋk ?	*nda(r)
bone	*apə	*sariŋamp	*ɣar
tongue	*tɨkŋa	*minɨŋ	*mi(m)
eye	*mɨyR	*tambri	*rəmeak
nose	*tam(w)ə		*ŋgum
leg	*man	*namuŋk	*or ?
ear	*wan	*kwand-
name	*cɨ		*ɣi
pig	*mp(w)al	*numpran	*rəkəm
snake	*kampwəy	*wakɨn	*ndop
mosquito	*kɨvɨy	*naŋgun	*ŋgit
eat	*kɨ	*am(b)	*amb
go	*yɨ	*wa	*saŋg
come	*ya	*ya	*kɨp
sit	*rə	*sa	*mbirak
stand	*rap(m)		*-tik
one	*nək	*mb(w)ia-	*kaku
two		*ri-pa-	*mbuniŋ
three		*-ram

Due to its highly divergent lexicon, Foley does not classify Sepik with Lower Sepik and Ramu.

The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database,[4] Foley (2005),[3] and Usher (2020) (for Proto-Arafundi).[5]

Body parts
family	language	head	hair	ear	eye	nose	tooth	tongue	leg	blood	bone	skin	breast
Trans-New Guinea	Proto-Trans-New Guinea	kobutu; kV(mb,p)utu; mUtUna; mVtVna	iti; (nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun	ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d)	g(a,u)mu; ŋg(a,u)mu; (ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; nVpV	mundu; mutu	magata; maŋgat[a]; *titi	balaŋ; mbilaŋ; me(l,n)e; me(n,l)e	kani(n); k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu	ke(ñj,s)a; kesa	kondaC; kwata(l,n)	gatapu; (ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu	*amu
Yadë	Nagatiman	ʌsu	ʌsʌǏahuᵽa	ąhuǏuʔ	na:ba	yɛlu		aǏižiʔ		wi:nuʔ	ɛlɛ:b̶u	žib̶uʔ	ma:ba
Busa	Odiai	owuna	etete	dinʌ	dena	wʌti	wuti	dʌgʌrʌ		aɔ̨	ab̶uwibʌ	tati	ną
Amto-Musan	Amto	twæ	(twæ) iwɔ	ye	mo	ni	i	hæne; hʌne		nʌkei	hae	ka	ne
Amto-Musan	Siawi	nani	nanigi	eʔ	mene	Ǐimʌ	ʔi	hanɛ		hařʔ	hařʔ	ʔaoko	ne
Left May	Bo	kʌmi	kʌmsiya	kɔ	mʌǏo	ki	ki	lɛsɛ		kwo	mutuk	tʌpɔ	nɔ
Walio	Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect)	tipafu	yei	afe	nimau	tɩmʌsi	nʌfe	tanotai		teyuowa	ihuwa	toefahewa	mama
Papi	Papi	auwiyu	ařupisi	mʌgʌnaba	sunweyo	tʌnipɔku	sʋmunu	sakeyo		taneke	naikʌmio	pʌsiyæ	abiyaiɔ
Sepik, Abau	Abau	makwe		nwek	nane; nanɛ	kasan	nas	sane; sanɛ	sune; sunɛ	nyoh	ayo; i	ohi	mu
Sepik, Iwam	Iwam	mu		wun	nu	nomwos	piknu	kwane	wərku; wɨrku	ni	keew; kew	pəw	muy
Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian	Chenapian	toapᵒ; tuwap	taoɛnavon; taunabon	gwabuo; ugwabə	džinano; ǰinino	mɨnɨk; munɩk	diu; duɨʔ	taun; ton	soʷanaup; šonawəp	ne; nᵊe	dža; ǰa·	bɩn; bön	mu; muʔ
Sepik, Tama	Yessan-Mayo	tara		wan	la; lə	raŋkɨ; raŋki	lər; lir	tawlə	towa; warə	nap	yaha	was	mu; mukw
Sepik, Ram	Pouye	nouraka		maroalaka	nowar	wolokə	piyapa	laləmu	lalə	aywi	lakə	nəpyei	muy
Sepik, Yellow River	Namia	magu		mak	eno	nəmala; nɨmala	pinarɨ; pinarə	lar	li:; lipala	norə	lak	urarə	mu
Sepik, Ndu	Proto-Ndu[3]			*wan	*mɨyR	*tam(w)ə	*nɨmpɨy	*tɨkŋa	*man		*apə		*mɨwɲ
Sepik, Nukuma	Kwoma	masək		fu:; mabiya	mi:; miyi	sumojɨ; sumwonj	pu; tarəkwi	kwunja; tarekwoy	ya:te; yati	pi	apo; hapa	mampə	muk; muku
Sepik, Sanio	Saniyo-Hiyewe	tu; worɛ siyaʔi	mato towe; tutowe	apahɛ; apaniyɛ	nihe; nihɛ	ɛrɛme; ɛrɛmɛ	pi	sořowɛ; soruwɛ	lowe; rowɛ	fisa'i; fisaʔi	paʔaře; pa'arɛ	tahɛ	mo'u; moʔu
Sepik, Bahinemo	Bahinemo	thu	thunʌba	bʌsiya	niya	sɛkʌnɩ	pi	thɔlu	lowa	mahələ	hʌbi	thʌbi	mosu
Sepik, Alamblak	Alamblak	mʌbogath; mɛ̈ƀɨǥatʰ	tʰɨ'maʀ̌č; tʌmarts; tʰɨ'maʀ̌š	yimbɣindang; yɩmbɨǥin'daŋgɨtʰ; yɩmbʌlindangʌm	ɲinga; 'ɲiŋgaʀ̥̥̌; ningaw	'hʰušɨ ɨtʰ; khusɩmʌth; 'kʰučɨmɨtʰ; kusm	bɩ'čɛ̈tʰ; biʃə; bɩ'šɛ̈tʰ; bɩsʌm	tor; torkh; 'tʰoʀ̥̌tʰ	wʌlat; 'wɷ'řatʰ; wura	khukhupam; kɨ'kʰupʰam	thʌphim; tɨ'pɩʀ̥̌; tɨpi	tʰɨ'ǥatʰ; thʌkhath	mingam; miŋatʰ; niŋgam
Tayap	Tayap[6]	kokir	kokɨrŋgrɨt	neke	ŋgino	raw	rewi	malɨt	ndow	and	nɨŋg	toto	min
Piawi	Haruai (Wiyaw dialect)	'jeʥ̮ᵊ'mat̮ɑ	jeʥ̮ᵊˈϕan	ɾ̥ɨmɨnt̮ɕ	'momakʰ	haŋi'etʰ	andzᵊmakᵡ	alᵊ'bʌɲ	ϕa'letʰ	haɲ	jantʰ	jɩmaɤ wɨɲ	kau
Piawi	Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect)	iʥ̮uə'xə	iˌʥ̮imə'da	jɛn'waϕe	mɛmɛʥ̮ə'magə	nama'gə	ˌjɛd̮ʑɩ 'magə	su'ə; syê	hə'damə'si	ga'ja	jɛ'də	wɩ'ɲi	a'hu
Arafundi	Proto-Arafundi[5]	*kopa	*tum[a]	*kund[a]		*pok	*kandz[a]	*taTumat[a]	*panamb[a]	*kombet-	*jekimb[a]	kumb[a]-; tut[a]	*ji[t/s]
Yuat	Biwat	fop; fopeh	fufuimaivi; fufuimaye	tuanhe; tundu	siketeh; sipta	gerekeh; ŋerek	andu; andusivahe	be; behe	gambang; geambangeh	amberaeh; ambra	amfuva; amfuvaheh	gamfuin; iaveteh	meru; meruhe
Yuat	Kyenele (Miyak dialect)	ᵽop	fusibɩľu	tandu	sɩpʰala	nʌnɛlɩŋ	ŋandu	mpe	ŋgambaŋ	ambala	amᵽuwa	nᵽɩsakʰ	miřu
Lower Sepik	Proto-Lower Sepik[3]			kwand-; kwandum	*tambri		sisiŋk; ?*sisiŋk	minɨŋ; minɨŋk	*namuŋk	ya-; ya-r	*sariŋamp		nɨŋgay; nɨŋkay
Ramu	Ambakich (Arango dialect)	katʃi	katʃokei	kər	dun	kɨpɨ	aur	mil	brip	sin	karatʃ	okanɨk	oɾitʃ
Ramu	Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay[3]			*kwar	*rəmeak	*ŋgum	*nda(r)	*mi(m)	*or ?		*ɣar		*mɨr

Nature
family	language	louse	dog	pig	bird	egg	tree	sun	moon	water	fire	stone	path
Trans-New Guinea	Proto-Trans-New Guinea	*niman			n(e,i); n(e)i; n[e]i; yak; yaka[i]; yanem	maŋgV; munaka; *mun(a,u)ka	ida; inda ~ *iñja	kamali; kamuli; *ketana	kal(a,i)m; kamali; takVn; takVn[V]	nok; (n)ok; ok(u); ok[V]	inda; k(a,e)dap; k(a,e)(n,d)ap; kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p	kamb(a,u)na; (na)muna; *[na]muna
Yadë	Nagatiman	mibaʔ	kaliʔ	gǏɛǏiʔ	pʋlɛʔ	kah	ti:			tuʔ	ahuz̨iʔ	anɩziʔ	ařʌgɛʔ
Busa	Odiai	amo	inʌri	waru	wʌnʌ	mʌiyʌ	nda			ani		bitɔ	ti
Amto-Musan	Amto	nanu	hɔ	ma	ai	ai:	amɩ			wi:	maři	tipeki	mo
Amto-Musan	Siawi	nani	so:	kinʌdiʔ	ʔai	iǏɔ	ameʔ			wi	maǏi	tʌbɛki	mono
Left May	Bo	ka	naři	ᵽu	wɔ	wɔi	ka			ʔu	ta	tʌpʌki	keři; kʌři
Walio	Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect)	dibafuyei	ifau; ivau	ami ami	auma	aumufu	yanu			utlauwe	tanuwa; tiyami	tab̶iya	efʌmowa
Papi	Papi	ařupɩsɩ	agabu	tʌmaub̶o	ɔb̶ɔ; ɔ:sani	usouyo	na:b̶ʌkʌ			ařukowa	řiku	tab̶iyaio	pʌbřiyaio
Sepik, Abau	Abau	mapru	nwɔf; nwɔhɔ	fwok	ahnɛ	ne	no; nɔw	e; ey	yen; yeny	fu; hu	ya	məny
Sepik, Iwam	Iwam	ŋən; nɨn	nwa	hu	owit	yen	pae(kap); paykap	pi	pwan	op; o(p)	pay	siya
Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian	Chenapian	damian; dəmiaʔ	gwara; ogwara	kᵘo; ku	džɛosiʔ; ǰɛoši	noə; ṣⁱu no	məntəp; montoap	džabɨn; ǰaƀan	nu	džoʔ; ǰoʔ	un	nogɛrao; noguařo	uni
Sepik, Tama	Yessan-Mayo	nɨ; ni	wala	for	ap	yen; yɨn	me	yabəl; yampəl	lup; lɨyf	ok; okw	k-er; kər	pa
Sepik, Ram	Pouye	nipikəm	aukwə		yio	warə	tau	taliyə	yalma	you	tapo	tɨl
Sepik, Yellow River	Namia	nanpeu	ar; ara	lwae	eyu	puna	mi	wuluwa	yem	ijo; ito	ipi	lijei
Sepik, Ndu	Proto-Ndu		r; wac	*mp(w)al			*mɨy	*ɲa	*mpapmɨw	*ŋkɨw	*ya
Sepik, Nukuma	Kwoma	nəkə; nɨka	asa	buri; poyi	apu	apo; bey; mpei	me	ya	nowəka; nɨwɨka	uku	hi; hi:	papa
Sepik, Sanio	Saniyo-Hiyewe	nɛmɛ	yo; you	fe	iřowɛ; iruwɛ	hotɛ	me; mɛ	poɔyuɛ; poweyɛ	yamɛ; yamɛ'	sa'i; saʔi	yɛhɛ	tapiyɛ
Sepik, Bahinemo	Bahinemo	nʌmu	yo	fa	wabo	wabo mu	mi	tɩniya	yamal	hagi	ya	ba
Sepik, Alamblak	Alamblak	nəm; 'nɛ̈mɨtʰ; nʌmo	yauʀ̥̌ʸ; yawi; yawu	'ᵽɛ̈gɨʀ̥̌; fagʌr; fəɣ	nongwar; 'nugwaʀ̥̌	fɣa; fokam; ᵽo'ǥat	mᵼč; mim; mᵼš; mɨy	mar; 'mařɨʀ̥̌	yam; 'yamɨtʰ; yamʌth	bukbam; 'bupʰam; bu-pam	kaɣ; kʰaǥɨtʰ; khaxth	š; taxim	yɨ'ǥotʸoǥatʰ
Tayap	Tayap	kɨkrikɨ; pakɨnd	nje	mbor	tam	naŋa	nɨm	arawer	karep	awin	otar	moŋapat; njiŋai; ŋawmbɨ	nder
Piawi	Haruai (Wiyaw dialect)	jɩm	waɲa	han	'jaʷər	jaur mɩntɕ	bɨ	naijʌ	r̥̃ʌn	ɾ̥a'bʌ	ɾ̥ᵼn	ɾ̥ɩgɨ	ganɨmϕ
Piawi	Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect)	i'mɤd̮ʑi	wɛ'ɲa	jɛ'nɤ	jau'thə	jau't͑umu'si	mɤ'na	ɽə'ma	sɔ'kɷnə	gɯ	ɲa'bɤ	ɽɩ'gə	'diədə
Arafundi	Proto-Arafundi	*emuŋg	*tawa[m/mb]	*jat	*kenet	*mund[a]	*jes	*kVjom	*kepa	*jomb	*jamb	*naŋgum
Yuat	Biwat	uta; utaeh	ken; kenhe	vereh; vre	kaok; kaokhek	momoateh; mumuat	mung; mungeh	va; vaeh	mumere; mumereh	mam; mumeh	mehen; men	ghateh; yiak	maikua; miakuahe
Yuat	Kyenele (Miyak dialect)	wututʰoma	gɛn	ƀeǏe	wanma	wanmuma	mï	ƀanma	ŋgɨŋat	maŋam	mɨn	mɨndɩm	mayt
Lower Sepik	Proto-Lower Sepik	*nam		*numpran		awŋ; awŋk	*y(uw)an	*sɨnmari	?m(w)il; *m(w)il	*arɨm	awr; aw-r
Ramu	Ambakich (Arango dialect)	ɛwar	ɛrɛl	ksu	gumai	mimo	ondɨr̥	ɛmɩm	bran	amɨ	an	mɨndɨr	duwan
Ramu	Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay			*rəkəm	*ŋgwarak			*ra(u)	*kər(v)i		*s(u)ək

Miscellaneous
family	language	man	woman	name	eat	one	two
Trans-New Guinea	Proto-Trans-New Guinea	abV; ambi	panV; pan(V)	ibi; imbi; *wani	na; na-		*ta(l,t)(a,e)
Yadë	Nagatiman		mɩsɛʔ		hiɛǏɛ	žuwaʔ	teǏɛʔ
Busa	Odiai	nutu	tɔ		muniʌren	otutu	tinʌnʌ
Amto-Musan	Amto	kyu	hama		me:ne	ohu	kiyaA
Amto-Musan	Siawi	yɛnokono	ʔeǏo		pe	sʌmo	himolo
Left May	Bo	nʌkʌ	kwa		sanoʔ	sɔsɔ	tisʌ
Walio	Yawiyo (Wosawari dialect)	to; to i:wa	sauto		afaʔunařu	ařʌsʌbau	ařʌfři
Papi	Papi	sanoᵽo	su:bu		opo akepo	sunuboku	suwʌbiyaio
Sepik, Abau	Abau	lu; or; ur	sa	uru	ra	mun; rin	pris
Sepik, Iwam	Iwam	kam; yen-kam	wik		(n)ai; (nd)ai	oe; ruk; su	ŋwis
Sepik, Wogamusin-Chenapian	Chenapian	tama; tamö	tauwo; tawö	tamgu		nař; sⁱərəʔ	ǰⁱək; nɛsi; ṣiṣi
Sepik, Tama	Yessan-Mayo	tama; tamə	ta:		a(m)	wurɨ	fes
Sepik, Ram	Pouye	lamo	tʔlum				yikən
Sepik, Yellow River	Namia	lu	ere	ilei	(t)	tipia	pəli
Sepik, Ndu	Proto-Ndu	*ntiw		*cɨ	*kɨ	*nək
Sepik, Nukuma	Kwoma	ma	mi:ma	hi	a	pochi	uprus
Sepik, Sanio	Saniyo-Hiyewe	mɛni; mitaru	taunɛ; tawnɛ	yapɛ	aiyei; asiyʌ	hɛta'i; taʔi	hɛsi
Sepik, Bahinemo	Bahinemo	'ɩma	swani	wufa	diyaw	dʌbatha	husi
Sepik, Alamblak	Alamblak	yima; 'yi'maʀ̥̌	'metɨtʰ7; metum	'yuƀatʰ; yufa; yufat	fa; ka; 'kʰaɛ̈ʀ̥̌; weyanum; ye	rɛphar; rpa; řɨpʰatʰ	hutsif; xočiᵽ; 'xošɩᵽ
Tayap	Tayap	munje	noŋor	nomb	a	nambar; mbatep	sene
Piawi	Haruai (Wiyaw dialect)	'nabʌ	mʌ	hʌmpʰ	nɨm'da	waɲɩŋ'geϕ	jɩ'mag 'jɩŋgʷʌ
Piawi	Pinai-Hagahai (Aramo dialect)	na'ba	mə'gə	nabamɩ'he	ˌmomə'dɛɽə	a'gə	ˌhəgə'naβəma'ɨ
Arafundi	Proto-Arafundi	*nuŋgum	*nam	*membi[a]	*nembV-		kamin, kondamin
Yuat	Biwat	foakpa; fuakpahe	arepa; arepahe	vu'geh; vuŋ	ueh jiveh; u-u give	nategeh; natek	arauu; aravueh
Yuat	Kyenele (Miyak dialect)	aƀɷt	miandu		tšɛntšɛntšuƀa	ŋaykʰʌkʰ	aǏawin
Lower Sepik	Proto-Lower Sepik		*ŋay		am-; am(b)	*mb(w)ia-	*ri-pa-
Ramu	Ambakich (Arango dialect)	kambo	anatʃo	dʒi	mɨondɨmqam	koŋ; ondɨsɨno	nuŋgun
Ramu	Proto-Watam-Awar-Gamay			*ɣi	*amb	*kaku	*mbuniŋ

References

Laycock, D. C. and Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Sepik-Ramu Phylum. In Wurm, S.A. (ed.), Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study 1, 729-763. Australian National University.
Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. ISBN 9781501512209.

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[1] Laycock, D. C. and Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Sepik-Ramu Phylum. In Wurm, S.A. (ed.), Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study 1, 729-763. Australian National University.

[Foley-Sepik-2] Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[Foley-Sepik-Ramu-3] Foley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

[TNG-org-4] Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

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[6] Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. ISBN 9781501512209.