Robert Simpson (hurdler)

Simpson grew up on his family's farm in Bosworth, Missouri.[4][5] He was the oldest of three brothers and part of a track and field family;[5] his younger brothers John Simpson and Chauncey Simpson followed him in the sport,[6][7] as did his cousin, William Sylvester.[8] Simpson first became an athlete at Bosworth High School, but did not yet take up hurdling;[4] instead, he excelled in the long jump and high jump and also competed in the sprints, becoming known as the "one-man track team".[5][6] In addition, he played baseball and basketball.[6]

After graduating from high school in 1913 Simpson entered the University of Missouri, where he was coached by Henry F. Schulte.[5] Schulte introduced Simpson to hurdling in his freshman year,[4][9] and the 120 yd (109.7 m) high hurdles and the 220 yd (201.2 m) low hurdles soon became his main events, though he continued to also compete as a sprinter and long jumper.[10] Rather than relying on his sprinter's speed, Simpson became known for the efficient hurdling technique that he developed with Schulte,[4][11][12] based on keeping his arms lined up with the track while jumping over a hurdle, as opposed to the sideways arm action of other hurdlers of the time.[11][13] While he attempted to minimize the margins by which he cleared the hurdles, he very rarely knocked any hurdles over,[14] and at the time, only runs with no hurdles toppled could be officially ratified as records.[15]

Simpson's first major race in the 120 yd hurdles was at the April 1915 Penn Relays.[16][17] Still little-known outside his native Missouri, Simpson faced a strong field that included Fred W. Kelly, the 1912 Olympic champion and world record holder at 15.0.[4][16] Kelly won, but only defeated Simpson by inches.[4][16] At the Missouri Valley Conference meet at the end of May Simpson won the high hurdles in 15.0, equaling Kelly's record; he also won the low hurdles and the long jump.[18][19] The following week he won a hurdles double at the Western Conference meet, again running 15.0 in the high hurdles and a meeting record 24.6 in the low hurdles.[20][21] At the 1915 national championships Simpson placed fourth in the low hurdles[22][23] and crossed the finish line in third place in the high hurdles, behind Kelly and Feg Murray. However, Kelly was disqualified for knocking down four hurdles (three was the limit), making Simpson the runner-up.[22][23][24]

Simpson reached his peak in 1916.[4][15] He won the high hurdles at the 1916 Penn Relays, again equaling Kelly's world record of 15.0, even though no records had been expected due to the slow grass track.[25][26][note 1] He then broke the record in a dual meet against Iowa State on May 6, running 14.8; he also won the low hurdles, the 100 yd dash and the long jump.[29][30] The following week Simpson equaled his new record in another dual meet; this time, he won four additional events, with his long jump mark of 23 ft 6+3⁄4 in (7.18 m) being a new Missouri Valley record.[31][32][33] His hurdles rivals were also in strong form, however;[34] Kelly and Murray both ran 15.0 that spring,[31] and on May 13 Earl Thomson, a Canadian-American, defeated them both in a Stanford race and tied Simpson's fresh record of 14.8.[4][35]

Simpson regained sole hold of the world record two weeks later at the 1916 Missouri Valley Conference championships, which Missouri hosted.[36][37] He won the high hurdles in 14.6, improving his own world record by another fifth of a second, and equaled Alvin Kraenzlein's world record of 23.6 in the low hurdles; in addition, he won the long jump.[4][36] There were originally some doubts about whether this new record was valid, as although the required number of clocks timed him in 14.6 or faster, one clock caught him in 15.0;[36] however, the following week Simpson won another hurdles double at the Western Conference meeting, again running 14.6 and removing all doubts.[4][14][38][39] These times would remain his best.[15]

The 1916 national championships were held in Newark in September, with Simpson returning from several months of no competition.[34][40] He faced Thomson, Kelly (who had also run 14.8) and Murray,[34] and won in 14.8, a meeting record.[24] This race was called the "greatest hurdle race in history" both before and after the meet,[14][15][41] although the New York Times wrote that it "did not produce the sensation everybody expected" due to Simpson winning too comfortably; he was never behind and defeated Kelly by about two yards.[42] In the fall Simpson toured Scandinavia with four other American athletes, including Murray;[2][43] in Stockholm he won the 110 m hurdles in 14.8,[note 2] which was a world record for the metric high hurdles,[15][45] although the International Amateur Athletic Federation never ratified it as one.[46]

By the end of the year Simpson had run under Kelly's old world record of 15.0 seven times,[3][4] with record applications made for five of those times.[3][31][32] Sporting Life's Daniel Ferris named Simpson and Ted Meredith, who had broken the world records for both 440 yards and 880 yards, the leading American track and field athletes of 1916,[34] while Lou Handley singled Simpson out in his Pittsburg Press recap of the year.[47]

Simpson was named captain of the Missouri Tigers track and field team for 1917.[48] He led the Tigers to another Missouri Valley Conference title, winning the long jump and both hurdles races.[49] He also won all three events at the Western Conference meet;[50] his winning time in the 220 yd low hurdles was 24.2, a world best for that distance around a curve.[51][note 3]

Simpson graduated from Missouri after the 1917 season, having also been successful academically; he was the inaugural recipient of a special award for the Missouri letterman with the best scholarship marks.[52] He missed the 1917 national championships,[53] but was still named as the top high hurdler to both the All-American athletic team and the All-American collegiate team of the year.[54]

After the 1917 season Simpson joined the United States Army and attended the officers' training camp at Fort Sheridan; he became a lieutenant and track and field instructor for the 91st Division.[55][56] He resumed hurdling after World War I was over, winning both the high hurdles and the low hurdles at the 1919 Inter-Allied Games in Paris;[57][58] in the low hurdles he had lost to his own cousin, William Sylvester, in the American tryouts for the meet,[59] but defeated him at the Games themselves.[60] On September 7, 1919, Simpson won the 120 yd hurdles at the Knights of Columbus Olympics, an Armed Forces meeting held at Camp Dix, defeating former national champion Harold Barron;[61] Simpson's time of 15.0 was the fastest in the world that year.[62] A week later he won his second national championship title in the high hurdles, running 15.2 and beating Kelly and Barron;[24] he also won the low hurdles in 24.4, his only national title in that event.[63]