Robert Malley

Robert Malley (born 1963) is an American lawyer, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution, who was the lead negotiator on the 2015 Iran nuclear deal known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).[1] On June 29, 2023, Malley was placed on unpaid leave as special envoy to Iran, his security clearance was suspended amid an investigation into possible mishandling of classified material.[2]

Robert Malley
United States Special Envoy
for Iran
Assumed office
January 28, 2021
On leave since June 30, 2023
PresidentJoe Biden
Preceded byElliott Abrams
Personal details
Born1963 (age 59–60)
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseCaroline Brown
Children3
EducationYale University (BA)
Magdalen College, Oxford (MA, DPhil)
Harvard University (JD)

Malley was Director for Democracy, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs at the National Security Council from 1994 to 1996[3] and Program Director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group and Assistant to National Security Advisor Sandy Berger from 1996 to 1998. As Special Assistant to President Clinton from 1998 to 2001, he was a member of the U.S. peace team and helped organize the 2000 Camp David Summit.[4]He served in the National Security Council under President Barack Obama from 2014 to 2017. In 2015, the Obama administration appointed Malley as its "point man" on the Middle East, leading the Middle East desk of the National Security Council.[5] In November 2015, Malley was named as President Obama's new special ISIS advisor.[6] After leaving the Obama administration, Malley was President and CEO of the International Crisis Group, a Brussels[7] non-profit committed to preventing wars.[8]

In January 2021, President Joe Biden named Malley as special U.S. envoy for Iran.[9] Until his security clearance was revoked and he was placed on a paid, then an unpaid leave of absence pending an investigation which had been referred to the FBI, suggesting suspicion of criminal misconduct, he was tasked with bringing the United States and Iran into compliance with the Iran nuclear deal abandoned by President Donald Trump.[10]

Early life

Malley was born in 1963 to Barbara (née Silverstein) Malley, a New Yorker who worked for the United Nations delegation of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), and her husband, Simon Malley (1923–2006), a Syrian-Egyptian[11] Jewish journalist who grew up in Egypt and worked as a foreign correspondent for Al Gomhuria. The elder Malley spent time in New York, writing about international affairs, particularly about nationalist, anti-imperial movements in Africa, and made a key contribution by putting the FLN on the world map.[12]

In 1969, the elder Malley moved his family—including son Robert—to France, where he founded the leftist magazine Africasia (later known as Afrique Asia). Robert attended École Jeannine Manuel, a prestigious bilingual school in Paris, and graduated in the same class (1980) as U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[13]

The Malleys remained in France until 1980, when then French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing briefly expelled Simon Malley from the country to New York, due to his hostility towards French policies in Africa.[14]

Malley attended Yale University, and was a 1984 Rhodes Scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he earned a D.Phil. in political philosophy. There he wrote his doctoral thesis about Third-worldism and its decline. Malley continued writing about foreign policy, including extended commentary about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He earned a J.D. at Harvard Law School, where he met his future wife, Caroline Brown.[15] Another fellow law school student was Barack Obama.[16] In 1991–1992, Malley clerked for Supreme Court Justice Byron White, while Brown clerked for Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. As of 2010, the couple has two sons, Miles and Blaise, and one daughter, Frances.[15]

Career

After his Supreme Court clerkship, Malley became a Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations where he published The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam—a book that charts Algeria's political evolution from the turn of the 20th century to the present, exploring the historical and intellectual underpinnings of the crisis in Algeria.[17]

Clinton administration

Malley served in the Clinton administration as Director for Democracy, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs at the National Security Council from 1994 to 1996. In that post he helped coordinate refugee policy, efforts to promote democracy and human rights abroad and U.S. policy toward Cuba.[15] From 1996–1998 he was Executive Assistant to National Security Advisor Sandy Berger. In October 1998, Malley was appointed Special Assistant to President Clinton for Arab-Israeli Affairs, a post he held until the end of the administration in 2001.[15]

International Crisis Group

After the Clinton Administration, Malley became Senior Policy Advisor for the Center for Middle East Peace and Economic Development in Washington, D.C. He later became Program Director for Middle East and North Africa at the International Crisis Group in Washington, D.C., directing analysts based in Amman, Cairo, Beirut, Tel Aviv and Baghdad. Malley's team covered events from Iran to Morocco, with a heavy focus on the Arab–Israeli conflict, the situation in Iraq, and Islamist movements throughout the region. Malley also covered developments in the United States that affect policy toward the Middle East.[3]

Obama campaign and administration

According to Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, Malley provided informal advice to the campaign in the past without having any formal role in the campaign.[18] On May 9, 2008, the campaign severed ties with Malley when the British Times reported that Malley had been in discussions with the militant Palestinian group Hamas, listed by the U.S. State Department as a terrorist organization.[18] In response, Malley told The Times he had been in regular contact with Hamas officials as part of his work with the International Crisis Group. "My job with the International Crisis Group is to meet with all sorts of savory and unsavory people and report on what they say. I've never denied whom I meet with; that's what I do", Malley told NBC News, adding that he informs the State Department about his meetings beforehand and briefs them afterward.[19]

The New York Times reported on February 18, 2014, that Malley was joining the Obama administration to consult on Persian Gulf policy as senior director of the National Security Council.[20] On April 6, 2015, Malley replaced Philip Gordon as Special Assistant to the President and White House Coordinator for the Middle East, North Africa and the Gulf Region.[21]

Lead Iran deal negotiator
Malley and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry with Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif in June 2015

Malley was the lead U.S. negotiator on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, signed on July 14, 2015, which aimed to limit Iran's nuclear activities and ensure international inspections of its nuclear facilities in exchange for lifting economic sanctions. In describing the negotiating challenges, Malley later wrote in The Atlantic, "The real choice in 2015 was between achieving a deal that constrained the size of Iran’s nuclear program for many years and ensured intrusive inspections forever, or not getting one, meaning no restrictions at all coupled with much less verification.[22]

Return to International Crisis Group

After Obama left office, Malley returned to the International Crisis Group, serving as the new Vice President for Policy. He is currently the President and CEO.

U.S. Special Envoy to Iran

On January 28, 2021, President Biden named Malley U.S. special envoy to Iran, where he was tasked with trying to ease diplomatic tensions with Iran and rein in its nuclear program by compliance to the original pact.[23][24]

Forced leave as special envoy to Iran

On June 29, 2023, Malley was placed on unpaid leave as special envoy to Iran, and his security clearance was suspended amid an investigation into possible mishandling of classified material.[2]

According to a CNN report dated June 30, 2023, Representative Michael McCaul, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, was incensed at the State Department's failure, possibly deliberate, of informing Congress: "Senior State Department officials informed the Committee that Special Envoy Malley was unable to testify or brief because he was on personal leave due to the illness of a close family member, for which my staff expressed sympathy. At no point did the Department indicate that Special Envoy Malley’s security clearance was suspended or under review, or that he was being investigated for potential misconduct."

On July 7, 2023, Yahoo News reported that the Bureau of Diplomatic Security passed on to the FBI the investigation into Malley, according to the senior US official briefed on the matter. The Yahoo article further indicated that the FBI's involvement could suggest alleged criminal foul play.

On July 13, Politico further indicated that several members of Congress called for an investigation into the State Department's handling of the controversy, in particular the failure or refusal of the Department to notify Congress of the decision to suspend Malley's security clearance on time. On the same day, the New York Sun decried the executive branch's "Omertà-Like Code of Silence" in a headline. By July 15, Malley's page at the state department was not to be found.

On July 29, Douglas Schoen and Saul Mangel wrote in the Orange County Register that "...a very serious issue, involving national security, and a potential betrayal of the interests of the United States is brewing, with the questions surrounding Robert Malley."[25]

Views

Malley has published several articles on the failed 2000 Camp David Summit in which he participated as a member of the U.S. negotiating team. Malley rejects the mainstream opinion that lays all the blame for the failure of the summit on Arafat and the Palestinian delegation. In his analysis, the main reasons were the tactics of then-Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and the substance of his proposal which made it impossible for Arafat to accept Barak's offer.[4]

Malley argues that negotiations with the Palestinians today must include Hamas because the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is no longer considered the Palestinian people's sole legitimate representative.[26] He describes the PLO as antiquated, worn out, barely functioning, and, because it does not include the broad Islamist current principally represented by Hamas, of questionable authority. Malley favors negotiating with Hamas at least for the purpose of a ceasefire—citing Hamas officials in Gaza who made clear they were prepared for such an agreement with Israel.[27]

He supported (in 2008) efforts to reach an Israel-Hamas ceasefire which would include an immediate end to Palestinian rocket launches and sniper fire and a freeze on Israeli military attacks on Gaza. Malley's arguments rest on both humanitarian and practical reasons. Malley points to the blockade imposed by Israel on the Gaza Strip has not stopped Hamas's rocket attacks on nearby Israeli towns and claims that the siege has caused millions of Gazans to suffer from lack of medicine, fuel, electricity and other essential commodities, so cease-fire would avoid "enormous loss of life, a generation of radicalized and embittered Gazans, and another bankrupt peace process."[27]

Malley has published many articles in which he calls upon the Israelis (and the international community) to bring Hamas to the negotiating table in order to secure an Israeli–Palestinian ceasefire and insure that any agreement reached with Palestinians will be respected by the Islamist movements in Palestinian society too.

In addition, Malley calls for Israel, the Palestinians, Lebanon, Syria and other Arab countries to resume negotiations on all tracks based on the Arab Peace Initiative, which promises full Arab recognition and normalization of relations with Israel in the context of a comprehensive peace agreement in exchange for a withdrawal of Israeli forces from the occupied territories to the 1967 armistice (Green) Line, the recognition of an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, and a "just solution" for Palestinian refugees.[26]

"Today, Malley still stands out for his calls to engage in negotiations with Syria and Iran and for finding 'some kind of accommodation' with Hamas", The Jewish Daily Forward reported in February 2008.[16]

Criticism

Malley was criticized after co-authoring an article in the July 8, 2001, edition of The New York Review of Books arguing that the blame for the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit should be divided among all three leaders who were present at the summit, Arafat, Barak, and Bill Clinton, not just Arafat, as was suggested by some mainstream policy analysts.[28] "Later, however, other scholars and former officials voiced similar views to those of Malley", according to a February 20, 2008, article in The Jewish Daily Forward.[16]

Malley and his views have come under attack from other critics, such as Martin Peretz of the magazine The New Republic, who has opined that Malley is "anti-Israel", a "rabid hater of Israel. No question about it", and that several of his articles in the New York Review of Books were "deceitful."[29] On the conservative webzine The American Thinker, Ed Lasky asserted that Malley "represents the next generation of anti-Israel activism."[16]

Malley told the Jewish Daily Forward that "it tends to cross the line when it becomes as personal and as un-based in facts as some of these have been." While he loved and respected his father, he said, their views sometimes differed, and it is "an odd guilt by association" fallacy to criticize him based on his father's views.[16] Simon Malley was called a sympathizer of the PLO by Daniel Pipes.[30]

In response to what they called "vicious, personal attacks" on Malley, five Jewish, former U.S. government officials—former National Security Advisor Sandy Berger, Ambassador Martin Indyk, Ambassador Daniel C. Kurtzer, Ambassador Dennis Ross, and former State Department Senior Advisor Aaron David Miller—published a letter (dated February 12, 2008) in the New York Review of Books defending Malley.[16] They wrote that the attacks on Malley were "unfair, inappropriate, and wrong", and objected to what they called an attempt "to undermine the credibility of a talented public servant who has worked tirelessly over the years to promote Arab–Israeli peace and US national interests."[31] This view is also shared by M.J. Rosenberg, a former editor at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee and a controversial critic of Israeli policies,[32] who condemned the attacks on Malley, writing that Malley is "pro-Israel" and the only reason he is being criticized is because he supports Israeli–Palestinian negotiations.[33]

In October 2022, following a massive demonstration by Iranians in Berlin[34] and elsewhere including Washington, D.C.[35] in support of protests in Iran,[36] Malley tweeted that [37]"Marchers in Washington and cities around the world are showing their support for the Iranian people, who continue to peacefully demonstrate for their government to respect their dignity and human rights." He came under fire by Iranians and non-Iranians for undermining the protests in Iran to a mere demand for respect and some asked him to step down from his position. In response, he accepted that his words "were poorly worded.".[38] In his interview with Iran International, he stressed that "“It is not up to me; it is not up to the US government what the brave women and men who have been demonstrating in Iran want. It is up to them.”.[38] Despite Malley's apology, Masih Alinejad, Iranian-American journalist and human right activist started a petition to remove him from his post as Special US Envoy for Iran. The petition demands that President Biden "appoint a new Special Envoy that the people in the U.S. and in Iran can trust and respect as a symbol of America’s commitment to freedom and democracy."[39]

Published books
  • The Call from Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam, Berkeley: University of California Press (1996), ISBN 978-0-520-20301-3

Selected published articles

See also

References
  1. "Rob Malley, Obama's New ISIS Czar, Is a 'Trusted' But Controversial Pick". NBC News. December 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  2. "Biden's Iran envoy placed on leave after security clearance suspended amid investigation into possible mishandling of classified material, sources say". CNN. June 29, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  3. "Robert Malley biography page". International Crisis Group. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  4. Malley, Robert; Agha, Hussein (August 9, 2001). "Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors". New York Review of Books. Retrieved October 9, 2023. On March 6th, 2015, the White House announced that he would become the Special Assistant to the President and White House Coordinator for the Middle East, North Africa and the Gulf Region, replacing Phil Gordon.
  5. White House names Israel critic to top Mideast post BY JTA, March 8, 2015, 3:13 pm 36
  6. "White House appoints new ISIS czar". CBS News. November 30, 2015.
  7. "Robert Malley". Crisis Group. April 14, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  8. "A test of Biden's commitment to diplomacy: Appointing Rob Malley as Iran envoy". Salon. January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  9. Spetalnick, Matt; Mohammed, Arshad (January 28, 2021). "Former Obama aide Malley named Biden's top envoy on Iran: official". Reuters. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  10. Lawler, Dave; Ravid, Barak (January 29, 2021). "Biden picks Rob Malley as envoy for Iran". Axios. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  11. Brittain, Victoria (September 27, 2006). "Simon Malley, Journalist with rare insight into Africa's anti-colonial struggles". The Guardian.
  12. Brittain, Victoria (September 27, 2006). "Obituary: Simon Malley". Guardian. London. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  13. "Antony Blinken, courtly new top US diplomat, preaches humility and intervention". France 24. January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2023.
  14. Simon Malley, journaliste, Le Monde, September 9, 2006
  15. "President Names Statement by the Press Secretary on Robert Malley Appointment" (Press release). Archived from the original on September 12, 2004. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  16. Guttman, Nathan (February 20, 2006). "Peace Negotiator Who Advised Obama Campaign Strikes Back at Critics". Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  17. "The Call From Algeria". University of California Press. November 1996. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  18. Baldwin, Tom (May 10, 2008). "Barack Obama sacks adviser over talks with Hamas". The Times. London. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  19. "Informal Obama Adviser Steps Aside Over Hamas Talks". First Read blog at MSNBC website, report by Andrea Mitchell. May 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  20. "Ex-Clinton aide returns to White House with Persian Gulf brief". Haaretz. February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
  21. Statement by NSC Spokesperson Bernadette Meehan on the Special Assistant to the President and White House Coordinator for the Middle East, North Africa and the Gulf Region, WhiteHouse.gov
  22. Malley, Philip Gordon, Robert (January 21, 2018). "Destroying the Iran Deal While Claiming to Save It". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 26, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. Jakes, Lara; Crowley, Michael (January 29, 2021). "U.S. Names Iran Envoy in Battle of Wills With Tehran Over Nuclear Negotiations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  24. Reuters and Lahav Harkov. (30 January 2021). "Iran rejects new players and new negotiations of nuclear deal". Jerusalem Post website Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  25. https://www.ocregister.com/2023/07/28/does-the-biden-administration-really-care-about-leaking-classified-information/
  26. Malley, Robert; Hussein Agha (May 10, 2007). "The Road to Mecca". New York Review of Books. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  27. Malley, Robert (January 21, 2008). "The Gaza Time Bomb". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
  28. Malley, Robert (July 8, 2001). "Fictions About the Failure At Camp David". New York Times.
  29. Peretz, Martin (January 31, 2008). "Can Friends of Israel — and Jews — Trust Obama? In a word, yes". The New Republic. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  30. Pipes, Daniel, The Long Shadow: Culture and Politics in the Middle East Transaction Publishers: 1989. ISBN 0-88738-849-3, p 137, as presented in a Google Books search. Retrieved on January 27, 2008
  31. Letters to the NYRB: In Defense of Robert Malley New York Review of Books, March 20, 2008 p. 53
  32. "Rosenberg leaves Media Matters". Jewish Journal. JTA. April 6, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  33. Rosenberg, Michael (February 18, 2008). "Smearing Rob Malley". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
  34. "Iran protests: Huge rally in Berlin in support". BBC News. October 23, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  35. "Thousands march in Washington to support protesters in Iran". October 22, 2022.
  36. 2021–2022 Iranian protests
  37. @USEnvoyIran (October 23, 2022). "Marchers in Washington and cities around the world are showing their support for the Iranian people, who continue to peacefully demonstrate for their government to respect their dignity and human rights" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  38. "Exclusive: US Special Envoy Says He Chose the Wrong Words on Iran Protests".
  39. "مسیح علی‌نژاد با راه‌اندازی کارزاری اینترنتی خواهان برکناری رابرت مالی شد". May 16, 2023.
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