Pyotr Vannovsky

Coat of arms of the Vannovsky Family (granted in 1892)

Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky was born 6 December [O.S. 24 November] 1822 in Kiev to Semyon Ivanovich Vannovsky, who was from the Gentry Vannovsky family of Belarusian origin from Minsk. His father Semyon was a well-educated man who taught French in the 1st Kiev Gymnasium. And Pyotr, followed to the Vannovsky Family tradition to choose his future career at a young age, he chose to serve in the military and was strongly supported by his father. So as a result, he moved to Moscow and attended the 1st Moscow Cadet Corps, one of the best cadet corps in Russia. Upon graduating, he joined the Life Guards Finnish Regiment, and participated in the Hungarian Revolution against the Hungarian Revolutionaries and the Crimean War as part of the three Finnish battalion Vannovsky's regiment belonged to. In mid 1854, he and the battalions met the Ottomans near the Ottoman villages of Tutrakan and Silistra, and the Siege of Silistra took place. He distinguished himself as a brave but sane soldier during the siege. Later for military distinction, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree with swords and a bow, and was subsequently appointed the commander of his own regiment. After hostility ended in 1857, he became the head of several military schools, and thanks to his efforts, many infantry officers had been trained to take up the post of small unit commander and managing weapons, and those who graduated in the first category was granted the next rank ahead of the schedule. He was later promoted to major-general in 1861.

In 1868, he was promoted to lieutenant-general and was appointed commander of the 12th Infantry Division, this division consisted of the 46th Infantry Regiment of the Dnieper, the 47th infantry Ukraine regiment, 48th infantry Odessa Emperor Alexander I regiment. General Vannovsky, was an overly uncautious man, but unlike the next generation of his (those who served in WW1), he was a well disciplined commander. Constantly going through the life of his men in the army, and carefully engaging in the training of soldiers, making it one of the best division in the Imperial Russian Army. Later he was then appointed chief of staff of the 12th Army Corps in 1871, in which he eventually commanded in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877.

In 1876, General Vannovsky was appointed chief of staff of the newly formed 33rd Infantry Division, which included the 129th Infantry Regiment of Bessarabia, the 130th Infantry Regiment of Kherson, the 131st Infantry Regiment of Tiraspol and the 132nd Infantry Regiment of Bendery. It was a pretty challenging task to form a new unit, but with a determined general such as Vannovsky, he coped with the task easily, which he was noted by the high command of the Kiev Military District.

Portrait of Captain Vannovsky, 1849

At the beginning of the Russo-Turkish War, he commanded the 12th Army Corps to crossed the Danube, the Army Corps was later incorporated into the Ruschuk Detachment (the Eastern Detachment), for which he was appointed chief of staff of it, commanded by the tsesarevich, the future emperor Alexander III, whom he would become close friend with after the war. The Ruschuk Detachment was exceptionally powerful among other Russian units. It was composed of the 12th and the 13th Army Corps, 49 battalions, 19 Cossack divisions and 224 guns. The task of the detachment was to take the small Ottoman towns of Ruse and Nikopol, but when they arrived, they were attacked by the Ottomans and as a result, they went fully defensive, but they could still break through the Ottomans and won significant victories. Later on the Ottomans attempted to launch an offensive between the villages of Gorsko Ablanovo and Katselovo, but the Russians repulsed them, inflicting huge casualties on the Ottoman. After this decisive battle, the Ottomans did not dare to launch any offensive for a period of time. After some time, the Ottoman high command made a decision to attack the right flank and the center of the Ruschuk Detachment with 28 squadrons and 84 guns, in order to encircle the detachment from the rear. But the plan was later unravelled by Vannovsky, and the Russian Army soon went to defensive position. On 9 September, when the Ottomans attacked, they got counter-attacked by the Russians, inflicting huge casualties on the Ottomans. This victory was very important for the breakthrough in Plevna because the rear of the army was now protected from being attacked.

Now with Plevna captured, Commander-in-chief Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich changed the original plan completely, the Ruschuk Detachment went completely defensive, with the task of continue protecting the Russian rear.

Russia only has two allies: her army and her navy. -Pyotr Vannovsky[3]

In 1862, during the turbulent student protests of Kiev and St. Petersburg, occurring near the Palace Bridge, Vannovsky was called in to control the students. But he found conditions disagreeable, and released almost all students charged with sedition against the university. The Anarchist Peter Kropotkin opined that, "A military officer had thus to interfere for the defense of the students against the Ministry of Public Instruction."[4]

As the Minister of War, the general carry out a strict discipline rule in the army, and life in the military greatly changed, the following were the reforms General Vannovsky carried out:

1. Devices in military control

• The post of Inspector General of the Cavalry and the Inspector General of Engineers were abolished, the duties of which were assigned to the Minister of War.
• Artillery units that made up army corps were transferred from the artillery commanders to be subordinated by the corps commander, aiming to unite all units in the hands of the superiors responsible for the corps during peace and wartimes.
• Mortar field shelves were formed, beginning of transition of batteries to shelves, as to separate from artillery units.
• Additional artillery, infantry and active infantry units were strengthened, and new cavalry cadres were formed.
• Management of fortresses were changed, commandants of their responsible fortresses were appointed owner of it, and were responsible for all of its condition and preparation for mobilization.
• Hunting teams were established and were organised into units, in purposes of developing soldiers' courage.
• Local military administrations were simplified, the posts of chief of local military and provincial military commander were abolished.
• Field control of troops during wartime was changed, military district, when mobilized, now had to appeal directly to the field office, and special units for that were formed.
• Small cadres (including companies, hundreds and batteries) were formed for soldiers and an organization was established in purposes of calling soldiers to training camps.

2. Organization of the army The main ideas of Vannovsky's reforms was to increase the combat part of armed forces at the expense of reducing non-combat elements without needing to increase the overall strength of the army:

• In 1881, the infantry consisted of 879,500 lower rank soldiers, and the cavalry consisted of 137,000 horses. But after the reform of General Vannovsky, the infantry was decreased to only 879,500 infantrymen, and the cavalry was increased to 137,250 horses.
• The number of local non-combat troops were also lowered, instead of 10,000 troops, now there were only 2,400 of them, and the 52,000 troops scattered around numerous departments and establishment, were decreased to 43,000.
• Armed force was increased to 599,000 lower rank officers and 78,500 horses. A special attention was paid to increase the existing number of high rank officers in the active army and to reduce the number of inactive army officers (about a thousand of them were dismissed).
• The regular cavalry was strengthened, many Hussar and Lancer regiments were converted into Dragoon regiments and the number of cossack regiments were increased.
• Many infantry battalions were converted into regiments.
• The number of existing rifle units were increased.
• 4 new regiments and squads were formed in the Caucasus Viceroyalty as reserve troops, and the Finland as well, having 8 new infantry battalions and dragoons formed as reserve troops.
• Field and fortress artilleries, engineering troops, railway brigades were all strengthened.

3. Recruitment of troops

• In 1874, significant changes by General Milyutin were conducted in the charter for military service and a new disciplinary charter center was formed in 1888.
• The service for compulsory troops was reduced by 1 year, and the service for reserve troops was increased by 4 years.

Minister of War Pyotr Vannovsky, c. 1880

During his time of being Minister of War, he, together with the Minister of the Interior Count Tolstoy, had very bad relations with General Iosif Gurko, their relations could only be smoothened by Mikhail Ostrovsky, the Ministry of State Property, who kept a good relation between the three of them. He was also very well respected by many of the staff during his time as Minister of War:

Adjutant General Vannovsky was a Minister of War during the reign of Emperor Alexander III. Emperor Alexander III was very fond of Vannovsky, whom he took from corps commanders in Kiev; he was the chief of staff at the Emperor, when Alexander III was still the Heir-Tsesarevich and commanded a detachment of troops during the eastern Turkish war. Vannovsky was a personality. He was not a man of great education, not of great culture, but he was a man of determination; firmly devoted to the Emperor; a man of order, a bit gall. In any case, we must admit that he kept the Ministry of War in order. -Sergei Witte[5]

• General of the Infantry Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky (ru)
• Vannovsky, Pyotr Semyonovich (1822–1904) (ru)
• Russian Wikipedia
• Witte, Sergei Yulyevich (1960). "Memoirs: Childhood, the Reigns of Alexander II and Alexander III". az.lib.ruz. Sotsekigz. (ru)

• What Putin Isn't Learning From His Role Model, Tsar Alexander III^[Usurped!]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyotr Vannovskiy.