Project 97 icebreaker

Project 97 icebreakers and their derivatives are a diverse series of diesel-electric icebreakers and other icebreaking vessels built in the Soviet Union. In total, 32 vessels were built in various configurations for both civilian and naval service in the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, and several remain in service in Russia as of 2023.

Project 97P icebreaking patrol vessel Volga at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 2007
Class overview
NameProject 97
BuildersAdmiralty Shipyard (Leningrad, USSR)
OperatorsVarious
Subclasses
  • 97 (icebreaker)
  • 97А (icebreaker)
  • 97K (icebreaker)
  • 97E (icebreaker)
  • 97AP (patrol icebreaker)
  • 97P (patrol vessel)
  • 97D (hydrographic survey vessel)
  • 97B (hydrographic survey vessel)
  • 97N (research vessel)
Built1960–1981
In service1960–present
Completed32
Active7
Laid up1
Lost1
Scrapped22
Preserved1

Background and construction

In the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union began developing a new diesel-electric icebreaker design that could meet the needs of both civilian and naval operators. At the time, the merchant marine relied largely on ageing steam-powered icebreakers, many of which had been built during the Imperial Russia era and would reach the end of their operational life in the coming years. In addition, the Soviet Border Troops possessed just one ice-capable vessel for patrolling the country's northern border, Project 52K patrol ship Purga, which had been laid down already in 1938 but did not enter service until 1957.[1]

Technical development of the new icebreakers was entrusted to Leningrad-based Central Design Bureau No. 15, today known as Central Design Bureau "Iceberg" and part of the state-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation, which based the hull lines on the Swedish-built steam-powered icebreaker Eisbär which Germany had handed over to the Soviet Union as war reparations in 1946. Discussions during technical meetings sometimes became heated as naval architects tried to include both civilian and naval requirements into the design. One of the sources of disagreement was the bow propeller which was considered essential for icebreaking operations in the Baltic Sea and other non-Arctic waters but susceptible to damage in heavier Arctic ice conditions.[1]

Once the final design had been developed, the construction of the Project 97 icebreakers and their derivatives was awarded to the Leningrad-based Admiralty Shipyard. The construction of the first series, which consisted of largely similar triple-screw icebreakers, proceeded at a rapid rate: the hulls were assembled side by side on the slipway and launched at a technical readiness of 60 to 80 %. In 1960–1971, the shipyard delivered up to three vessels annually, often in different configurations, while simultaneously implementing various technical improvements devised during the operation of the first vessels of the series. The second series with twin-screw eight Project 97P patrol vessels and one Project 97N research vessel was built in 1973–1981.[1]

With a total of 32 vessels built in various configurations over more than two decades, Project 97 is the largest and longest-running class of icebreakers and icebreaking vessels built in the world. With the exception of nuclear-powered icebreakers, they were also the only domestically-built post-war icebreaking vessels in the Soviet Union and later Russia until the construction of Project 21900 icebreakers in the late 2000s.[2]

General characteristics

All Project 97 variants had a length overall between 67.7 and 73 metres (222 and 240 ft) and a maximum beam from 18 to 18.6 metres (59 to 61 ft). Fully laden, the vessels drew between 5.35 and 6.6 metres (17.6 and 21.7 ft) of water corresponding to a full load displacement ranging from 2,935 to 3,700 tonnes (2,889 to 3,642 long tons) with the later patrol and research vessel variants being somewhat larger than the early icebreakers. The hull form, derived from an older Swedish-built icebreaker, featured a round midship with pronounced tumblehome and practically no flat bottom or sides. While the curved hull lines resulted in low resistance and high maneuverability in ice, the vessels were very uncomfortable in open water due to excessive rolling.[1]

Both twin- and triple-screw Project 97 variants shared the same diesel-electric power plant with three direct current (DC) main diesel generators. The 1,800-horsepower (1,300 kW) 10-cylinder 13D100 two-stroke opposed-piston main diesel engines were in fact reverse-engineered Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engines manufactured by the Malyshev Factory in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The engines were coupled to double-armature DC generators (2 × 625 kWe) that provided power to 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) electric propulsion motors driving two 3.5-metre (11 ft) fixed pitch propellers in the stern and, on variants with a third propeller, a 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) electric motor driving a 2.7-metre (9 ft) propeller in the bow.[1]

During initial icebreaking trials, triple-screw Project 97 variants were able to break 70 to 75 centimetres (28 to 30 in) thick level ice with a 25-centimetre (9.8 in) snow layer on top at very slow but continuous speed. However, the later twin-screw variants were expected to have slightly lower icebreaking capability.[1]

Icebreakers
General characteristics (97, 97A, 97K, 97E)[1]
TypeIcebreaker
Displacement2,935 t (2,889 long tons)
Length67.7 m (222 ft)
Beam18.06 m (59 ft)
Draught5.35 metres (17.6 ft)
Installed power3 × 13D100 (3 × 1,800 hp)
PropulsionDiesel-electric; three shafts (2 × 2,500 hp + 1,600 hp)
Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) (maximum)
Range5,500 nautical miles (10,200 km; 6,300 mi) at 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph)
Endurance17 days
Crew42
Armament
  • 1 × twin 57 mm ZIF-31-B (97 only)
  • 1 × twin 25 mm 2M-3M (97 only)

Project 97

Three Project 97 icebreakers were built for the Soviet Navy: Dobrynya Nikitich for the Northern Fleet,[3] Purga for the Baltic Fleet,[4] and Vyuga for the Pacific Fleet.[5] While initially armed with 57 mm and 25 mm deck guns, the vessels were later disarmed.[1]

Name(s) Namesake(s) Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Dobrynya Nikitich (Russian: Добрыня Никитич) Dobrynya Nikitich 760 20 December 1959 10 May 1960 31 December 1960 1960–1998 Broken up [3]
Purga (Russian: Пурга) Russian for "blizzard" 761 31 May 1960 10 December 1960 23 October 1961 1961–2012 Broken up "Purga" icebreaker in front [4]
Vyuga (Russian: Вьюга) Russian for "blizzard" 763 5 May 1961 20 January 1962 16 July 1962 1962–1991 Broken up [5]

Project 97А

The series of unarmed icebreakers built for the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet of the Soviet Union, Project 97A, is the most numerous variant of the Project 97 family with twelve vessels built between 1961 and 1971. While initially named simply Ledokol (Russian: Ледокол, tr. icebreaker) followed by a running number, in 1966 they were given individual names to honor famous Imperial Russian and Soviet polar explorers.[1]

As of 2023, two Project 97A icebreakers remain in service with Rosmorport's North-Western Basin Branch in the Baltic Sea: Ivan Kruzenstern and Semyon Dezhnev.[6][7]

Name(s) Namesake(s) IMO number Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Vasiliy Pronchishchev (Russian: Василий Прончищев; 1966–1989)
Ledokol-1 (Russian: Ледокол-1; 1961–1966)		 Vasili Pronchishchev 6500765 762 13 December 1960 28 April 1961 30 December 1961 1961–1989 Broken up [8][9]
Afanasy Nikitin (Russian: Афанасий Никитин; 1966–1995)
Ledokol-2 (Russian: Ледокол-2; 1962–1966)		 Afanasy Nikitin 6500791 764 1 November 1961 31 May 1962 1 November 1962 1962–1995 Broken up [10][11]
Khariton Laptev (Russian: Харитон Лаптев; 1966–1996)
Ledokol-3 (Russian: Ледокол-3; 1962–1966)		 Khariton Laptev 6500806 765 10 February 1962 11 August 1962 25 December 1962 1962–1996 Broken up [12][13]
Poyar (Russian: Пояр; 1988)
Vasiliy Poyarkov (Russian: Василий Поярков; 1966–1988)
Ledokol-4 (Russian: Ледокол-4; 1963–1966)		 Vassili Poyarkov 6500777 766 13 August 1962 16 March 1963 26 July 1963 1963–1988 Broken up [14][15]
Yerofey Khabarov (Russian: Ерофей Хабаров; 1966–1993)
Ledokol-5 (Russian: Ледокол-5; 1963–1966)		 Yerofey Khabarov 6500789 767 5 April 1963 24 August 1963 7 December 1963 1963–1993 Broken up [16][17]
Ivan Kruzenstern (Russian: Иван Крузенштерн; 1966–present)
Ledokol-6 (Russian: Ледокол-6; 1964–1966)		 Adam Johann von Krusenstern 6501496 768 20 January 1964 29 April 1964 27 October 1964 1964–present In service [6][18][19]
Vlad (1988)
Vladimir Rusanov (Russian: Владимир Русанов; 1966–1988)
Ledokol-7 (Russian: Ледокол-7; 1964–1966)		 Vladimir Rusanov 6508171 769 30 March 1964 25 July 1964 28 December 1964 1964–1988 Broken up [20][21]
Semyon Chelyuskin (Russian: Семён Челюскин; 1966–1988)
Ledokol-8 (Russian: Ледокол-8; 1965–1966)		 Semyon Chelyuskin 6514522 770 12 December 1964 28 February 1965 11 August 1965 1965–1988 Broken up [22][23]
Yuriy Lisyanskiy (Russian: Юрий Лисянский; 1966–2021)
Ledokol-9 (Russian: Ледокол-9; 1965–1966)		 Yuri Lysianskyi 6521850 772 30 June 1965 31 August 1965 30 December 1965 1965–2021 To be broken up [24][25][26]
Fyodor Litke (Russian: Фёдор Литке) Friedrich von Lütke 7020085 780 12 January 1970 29 July 1970 14 December 1970 1970–2013 Broken up [27][28]
Ivan Moskvitin (Russian: Иван Москвитин) Ivan Moskvitin 7117383 781 2 November 1970 25 March 1971 1 September 1971 1971–1997 Broken up [29][30]
Semyon Dezhnev (Russian: Семён Дежнёв) Semyon Dezhnev 7119446 782 30 March 1971 31 August 1971 28 December 1971 1971–present In service [7][31]

Project 97K

Two unarmed Project 97A icebreakers built for the Soviet Navy, Ilya Muromets for the Pacific Fleet[32] and Buran for the Baltic Fleet,[33] are sometimes considered as a separate subclass, Project 97K.[1]

As of 2023, Buran remains in service with the Baltic Fleet.[33]

Name(s) Namesake(s) IMO number Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Ilya Muromets (Russian: Илья Муромец) Ilya Muromets 7052272 771 10 March 1965 30 June 1965 28 December 1965 1965–1993 Broken up [32]
Buran (Russian: Буран) Russian for "blizzard" 4622337 773 21 January 1966 16 May 1966 24 October 1966 1966–present In service [33]

Project 97E

Project 97E was an unarmed icebreaker variant built for East Germany. The vessel, Stephan Jantzen, was operated by the state-owned shipping company Bagger-, Bugsier- und Bergungsreederei Rostock (BBB) until the German reunification in 1990 and Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Stralsund until its decommissioning in 2005.[1]

In 2005, the decommissioned Stephan Jantzen was sold by the German state in an online auction to Beta Mar Limited, a shipping company registered in Greece, for 430,000 euro and renamed Stephan. However, the buyer forfeited the 40,000 euro downpayment and never collected the vessel. In the following years, the vessel changed owners, flags and names several times without ever leaving Rostock while plans to convert the old icebreaker into a luxury yacht were first presented and then abandoned. Finally the vessel, confiscated due to outstanding debts from berth and security fees, was acquired by the City of Rostock in 2018 and returned to the care of the non-profit organization which had looked after it until 2012. After extensive clean-up and renovations, the vessel was opened to the public as a museum ship.[34]

Name(s) Namesake(s) IMO number Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Stephan Jantzen (1967–2005)
Stephan (2005–2006)
King Ice (2006–2008)
Stephan Jantzen (2008–2012)
König Ludwig II Von Bayern (2012–2013)
Stephan Jantzen (2013–present)		 Stephan Jantzen
Ludwig II of Bavaria		 7117486 775 15 September 1966 30 December 1966 30 November 1967 1967–2005 Museum ship [35][36]

Patrol vessels

Project 97AP
General characteristics (97AP)[1][37]
TypePatrol icebreaker
Displacement3,350 t (3,300 long tons) (full load)
Length67.7 m (222 ft)
Beam18.1 m (59 ft)
Draught6.3 m (21 ft)
Installed power3 × 13D100 (3 × 1,800 hp)
PropulsionDiesel-electric; three shafts (2 × 2,500 hp + 1,600 hp)
Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Range6,700 nautical miles (12,400 km; 7,700 mi) at 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph)
Endurance17 days
Crew39
Armament
  • 1 × twin 57 mm ZIF-31-B
  • 1 × twin 25 mm 2M-3M

Project 97AP (Russian: 97АП) was an armed patrol icebreaker variant built for the Soviet Navy. Built with increased autonomy time and operating range, they were intended to patrol the western and eastern ends of the Northern Sea Route. The armament was later dismantled.[1]

Peresvet, which was previously assigned to the Northern Fleet, was decommissioned in 2011 and later scrapped.[38][1] Sadko, assigned to the Pacific Fleet, was expended as target during the Umka-2022 military drills in September 2022.[39][40][41]

Name(s) Namesake(s) Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Sadko (Russian: Садко) Sadko 777 20 June 1967 28 June 1968 6 November 1968 1968–2022 Expended as target[40][41] [39]
Peresvet (Russian: Пересвет) Alexander Peresvet 778 10 July 1968 29 January 1969 28 July 1970 1970–2011 Broken up [38]

Project 97P
Main article: Ivan Susanin-class patrol ship
General characteristics (97P)[1]
TypePatrol vessel
Displacement3,710 t (3,650 long tons) (full load)
Length70 m (230 ft)
Beam18.1 m (59 ft)
Draught6.5 m (21 ft)
Installed power3 × 13D100 (3 × 1,800 hp)
PropulsionDiesel-electric; two shafts (2 × 2,500 hp)
Speed15.4 knots (28.5 km/h; 17.7 mph)
Range10,700 nautical miles (19,800 km; 12,300 mi) at 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph)
Endurance50 days
Complement
  • 10 officers
  • 113 crew
Sensors and
processing systems
  • MR-302 Rubka ("Strut Curve") surface and air-search radar
  • MR-105 Turel ("Hawk Screech") fire-control radar
Armament
Aviation facilitiesHelideck for Kamov Ka-25 or Ka-27

Project 97P (Russian: 97П) was developed as a response to the renewed interest of the Soviet Navy and KGB Border Troops on icebreaking patrol vessels after United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard icebreakers began appearing more frequently near the country's northern maritime borders. New icebreaking patrol vessels were needed because existing Soviet naval vessels could not operate in ice-covered waters and large icebreakers, in addition to being unarmed and operated by civilians, could not be distracted from their primary mission of escorting merchant ships.[42]

Project 97 was selected as the design basis following positive operational experience and the difficulties associated with developing a new design. The Project 97P design, developed by Central Design Bureau "Iceberg", was slightly longer than the preceding icebreakers, lacked the damage-prone bow propeller, and featured a bigger deckhouse built of aluminum-magnesium alloy to reduce weight. A helideck capable of receiving a Kamov Ka-25 or Ka-27 helicopter was fitted over the aft deck. The armament consisted of a twin 76 mm AK-726 deck gun and two 30 mm AK-630 close-in weapon systems.[42]

As of 2023, four Project 97P patrol ships remain in service: Ivan Susanin with the Pacific Fleet[43] and Ruslan with the Northern Fleet,[44] both with their armaments removed,[42] and Neva and Volga with the FSB Border Service.[45][46]

Name(s) Namesake(s) IMO number Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Ivan Susanin (Russian: Иван Сусанин) Ivan Susanin 02650 31 July 1972 28 February 1973 30 December 1973 1973–present In service [47]
Aysberg (Russian: Айсберг) Russian for "iceberg" 02651 17 October 1973 27 April 1974 25 December 1974 1974–2006 Broken up [43]
Ruslan (Russian: Руслан) Ruslan 02652 26 December 1973 28 May 1974 26 September 1975 1975–present In service [44]
Anadyr (Russian: Анадырь; 1992–2019)
Imeni XXV syezda KPSS (Russian: Имени XXV съезда КПСС; 1976–1992)
Dnepr (Russian: Днепр; 1976)		 Anadyr
25th Congress of the CPSU
Dnepr River		 02653 16 July 1975 14 February 1976 30 September 1976 1976–2015 Broken up [48]
Dunay (Russian: Дунай) Danube River 02654 24 December 1976 5 August 1977 31 December 1977 1977–2017 Broken up [49]
Neva (Russian: Нева) Neva River 02655 23 November 1977 28 July 1978 27 December 1978 1978–present In service "Neva" patrol vessel with hull number 170 [45]
Volga (Russian: Волга) Volga River 8640246 02656 27 February 1979 19 April 1980 26 December 1980 1980–present In service [50][46]
Murmansk (Russian: Мурманск; 1996–2013)
Irtysh (Russian: Иртыш; 1992–1996)
Imeni XXVI syezda KPSS (Russian: Имени XXVI съезда КПСС; 1981–1992)		 Murmansk
Irtysh River
26th Congress of the CPSU		 02657 22 April 1980 3 July 1981 25 December 1981 1981–2013 Broken up [51]

Other variants

Project 97D

Project 97D (Russian: 97Д) was a hydrographic survey vessel variant built for the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet of the Soviet Union to survey the Northern Sea Route. While otherwise nearly identical to baseline Project 97 icebreakers, these two vessels were fitted with additional scientific facilities, echosounders to conduct hydrographic survey, and accommodation for an additional 14 personnel. However, they were also used for icebreaking operations from time to time.[52]

Name(s) Namesake(s) IMO number Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Prabhavi (1997)
Pyotr Pakhtusov (Russian: Пётр Пахтусов; 1975–1997)
Mendeleev (Russian: Менделеев; 1971–1975)
Pyotr Pakhtusov (Russian: Пётр Пахтусов; 1966–1971)
Ledokol-10 (Russian: Ледокол-10; 1966)		 Pyotr Pakhtusov
Dmitri Mendeleev		 6614358 774 21 May 1966 8 August 1966 30 December 1966 1966–1997 Broken up [53][54]
Georgiy Sedov (Russian: Георгий Седов) Georgiy Sedov 7117137 776 3 January 1967 15 June 1967 30 December 1967 1967–1992 Broken up [55][56]

Project 97B
General characteristics (Project 97B)[1][57]
TypeHydrographic survey vessel
Displacement3,450 t (3,400 long tons)
Length70.1 m (230 ft)
Beam18.1 m (59 ft)
Draught6.4 m (21 ft)
Installed power3 × 13D100 (3 × 1,800 hp)
PropulsionDiesel-electric; three shafts (2 × 2,500 hp + 1,600 hp)[58]
Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Range13,100 nautical miles (24,300 km; 15,100 mi) at 9.5 knots (17.6 km/h; 10.9 mph)
Endurance60 days
Complement
  • 63 crew
  • 17 scientists
ArmamentNone
Aviation facilitiesHelideck

Project 97B (Russian: 97Б) was a hydrographic survey vessel variant built for the Hydrographic Office of the Soviet Navy. Unlike the preceding Project 97D built for civilian service, Project 97B was a more radical departure from the original Project 97 icebreaker design with increased length and displacement to increase range and endurance, as well as an enlarged deckhouse to accommodate more personnel on board.[58]

As of 2023, Vladimir Kavrayskiy remains in service with the Northern Fleet as the stationary barracks ship PKZ-86 in Murmansk.[59]

Name(s) Namesake(s) Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
PKZ-86 (Russian: ПКЗ-86; 2012–present)
Vladimir Kavrayskiy (Russian: Владимир Каврайский; 1969–2012)		 Vladimir V. Kavrayskiy 779 25 February 1969 31 October 1969 31 December 1969 1969–present Used as barracks ship [59]

Project 97N
General characteristics (Project 97N)[60][61]
TypeResearch vessel
Displacement3,700 t (3,600 long tons)
Length73 m (240 ft)
Beam18.6 m (61 ft)
Draught6.6 m (22 ft)
Installed power3 × 13D100 (3 × 1,800 hp)
PropulsionDiesel-electric; two shafts (2 × 2,500 hp)
Speed15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) (maximum)
Range11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km; 13,000 mi) at economic speed
Endurance55 days
Crew
  • 54 crew
  • 30 scientists

Project 97N (Russian: 97Н), the final variant developed based on the Project 97 icebreaker design, was a research vessel commissioned by the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control of the Soviet Union to conduct scientific research in the poorly-studied transition zone between open water and the polar ice pack. In addition to adding extensive scientific facilities and additional accommodation space, the hull lines were given more pronounced sheer and flare to reduce the likelihood of waves breaking over the bow. The problematic rolling behavior was also addressed by increasing the rolling period from 7 to 9–10 seconds with design modifications and introducing a passive roll-reduction tank.[60]

The only Project 97N ship, Otto Schmidt, entered service in 1979. In 1991, shortly after completing its 40th scientific voyage, the vessel was laid up in Murmansk due to lack of funding. Five years later, Otto Schmidt was sold to a private company and sailed on 8 August 1996 to Alang, India, for scrapping.[60]

Name(s) Namesake(s) IMO number Yard number Laid down Launched Completed In service Status or fate Image Ref
Otto Schmidt (Russian: Отто Шмидт) Otto Schmidt 7828671 02783 27 December 1977 27 December 1978 30 August 1979[60] 1979–1996 Broken up [61][62]

References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Project 97 icebreakers.
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Bibliography
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