Pornography addiction

Pornography addiction is the scientifically controversial application of an addiction model to the use of pornography. Pornography may be part of compulsive sexual behavior with negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, or financial well-being. While the World Health Organization's ICD-11 (2022) has recognized compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (CSBD) as an "impulsive control disorder",[1] CSBD is not an addiction,[2][3][4][5][6][7] and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 (2013) and the DSM-5-TR (2022) do not classify compulsive pornography consumption as a mental disorder or a behavioral addiction.[2]

Problematic Internet pornography viewing is viewing of Internet pornography that is problematic for an individual due to personal or social reasons, including the excessive time spent viewing pornography instead of interacting with others and the facilitation of procrastination. Individuals may report depression, social isolation, career loss, decreased productivity, or financial consequences as a result of their excessive Internet pornography viewing impeding their social life.[8]

Symptoms and diagnosis
See also: Effects of pornography

Universally accepted diagnostic criteria do not exist for pornography addiction or problematic pornography viewing. Pornography addiction is often defined operationally by the frequency of pornography viewing and negative consequences.[9] The only diagnostic criteria for a behavioral addiction in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders are for pathological gambling, and they are similar to those for substance abuse and dependence, such as preoccupation with the behavior, diminished ability to control the behavior, tolerance, withdrawal, and adverse psychosocial consequences. Diagnostic criteria have been proposed for other behavioral addictions, and these are usually also based on established diagnoses for substance abuse and dependence.[10]

A proposed diagnosis for hypersexual disorder includes pornography as a subtype of this disorder. It included such criteria as time consumed by sexual activity interfering with obligations, repetitive engagement in sexual activity in response to stress, repeated failed attempts to reduce these behaviors, and distress or impairment of life functioning.[11] A study on problematic Internet pornography viewing used the criteria of viewing Internet pornography more than three times a week during some weeks, and viewing causing difficulty in general life functioning.

According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, some psychological and behavioral changes characteristic of addiction brain changes include addictive cravings, impulsiveness, weakened executive function, desensitization, and dysphoria.[12] BOLD fMRI results have shown that individuals diagnosed with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) show enhanced cue reactivity in brain regions associated traditionally with drug-cue reactivity.[13][14] These regions include the amygdala and the ventral striatum.[13][14] Men without CSB who had a long history of viewing pornography exhibited a less intense response to pornographic images in the left ventral putamen, possibly suggestive of desensitization.[13] ASAMs position is inconsistent with the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists, who cite lack of strong evidence for such classification, describing ASAM as not informed by "accurate human sexuality knowledge".[15]

Neuropsychopharmacological and psychological researches on pornography addiction conducted between 2015 and 2021 have concluded that most studies have been focused entirely or almost exclusively on men in anonymous settings, and the findings are contradicting.[14] Some researchers support the idea that pornography addiction qualifies as a form of behavioral addiction into the umbrella construct of hypersexual behavior and/or a subset of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB),[16] and should be treated as such, whereas others have detected the increased activation of ventral striatal reactivity in men for cues predicting erotic but not monetary rewards and cues signaling erotic pictures, therefore suggesting similarities between pornography addiction and conventional addiction disorders.[14]

Despite the fact that pornography is being highly spuriously[17] indicted as a public health crisis in the United States and elsewhere,[18][19] with problematic Internet and online pornography use reported to constitute an increasing burden in public mental health since the 2000s, psychopathological models and diagnostic criteria have lacked consensus, and the body of evidence on the effectiveness of therapeutic approaches is still scarce.

Diagnostic status

The status of pornography addiction as an addictive disorder, rather than simply a compulsivity, has been hotly contested.[20][21] Furthermore, research suggests that the use of a pornography addiction label may indicate a socially (as opposed to clinically) driven nosology.[8]

It is worth considering whether the apparent epidemic of self-diagnosed pornography addicts seeking help today perhaps represents the ready uptake of a relatively new way to describe one's problematic behaviour, and not the development of a modern disease entity whose description should dictate its treatment.[8]

— Kris Taylor, Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction

In November 2016, the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT) issued a position statement on sex/porn addiction which states that AASECT "does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge. Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy."

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes a new section for behavioral addictions, but includes only one disorder: pathological gambling.[22] One other behavioral addiction, internet gaming disorder, appears in the conditions proposed for further study in DSM-5.[22] Psychiatrists cited a lack of research support for refusing to include other behavioral disorders at this time.[22]

Porn addiction is not a diagnosis in DSM-5 (or any previous version).[23][24][25] "Viewing pornography online" is mentioned verbatim in the DSM-5,[22] but it is not considered a mental disorder either.[23][24][25]

When the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was being drafted, experts considered a proposed diagnostic addiction called hypersexual disorder, which also included a pornography subtype. But in the end, reviewers determined that there wasn't enough evidence to include hypersexual disorder or its subtypes in the 2013 edition.[23]

— Kirsten Weir, Is pornography addictive?

A number of studies have found neurological markers of addiction in internet porn users,[26][27][28] which is consistent with a large body of research finding similar markers in other kinds of problematic internet users.[27] Yet other studies found that critical biomarkers of addiction were missing,[29] and most addiction biomarkers have never been demonstrated for pornography.[30]

The International Classification of Disorders 11 (ICD-11) rejected "pornography addiction". Specifically, the World Health Organization (WHO) wrote: "Based on the limited current data, it would therefore seem premature to include [Internet use] in ICD-11."[31]

However, ICD-11 does include the "Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder" (CSBD)[32] in the "impulse control disorders" section. It is defined as "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour." David J. Ley argued that that is not an endorsement of the concept of pornography addiction.[33] ICD also specifically excludes anyone from this diagnosis whose distress is due to moral conflict alone, yet moral incongruence is the strongest predictor of believing one is addicted to porn.[34] Note that two studies now contradict this, finding that narcissism,[35] especially antagonist narcissism,[36] predicts identification as a pornography addict.

Introductory psychology textbook authors Coon, Mitterer and Martini, passingly mentioning NoFap, speak of pornography as a "supernormal stimulus" but use the model of compulsion rather than addiction.[37] Addiction and compulsion are models of mental disorders which cancel each other out,[38][39][40] the term "addiction" being deprecated,[41] but ICD-11 does not support the existence of "porn addiction"/"sex addiction".[3][4][33]

The role pornography plays in the neuropsychological development of adolescents is not well understood, due to a lack of empirical research.[42] While experimental research in the area presents considerable ethical challenges,[43] a 2021 review which compiled evidence from other empirical sources such as surveys found that representations of women in pornography may lead adolescent boys to view women mainly as sexual objects, with probable repercussions for gender equality.[44] The review, however, nowhere claims that it has shown a causal relationship from mainstream pornography viewing to perspectives furthering gender inequality.[44] Besides, it nowhere states if the correlation found is large or small, numbers for it are not given either.[44]

Peter and Valkenburg (2016) 20 years systematic review: its positive conclusions are tentative, and causality cannot be shown.[45] Brown and Wisco (2019) systematic review: idem ditto.[42]

DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction/compulsion (which would include internet pornography viewing).[2][46][47]

ICD-11 has added pornography to CSBD.[48] However, this is categorized as an impulse control disorder, not an addictive disorder.[48][3][4] It has been argued that the CSBD diagnosis is not based upon sex research.[49]

Neither DSM-5, nor DSM-5-TR, nor ICD-10, nor ICD-11 recognize sex addiction or porn addiction as a valid diagnosis.[2][3][4][50]

Treatment

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been suggested as a possible effective treatment for pornography addiction based on its success with internet addicts, though no clinical trials have been performed to assess effectiveness among pornography addicts as of 2012.[51] Acceptance and commitment therapy has also been shown to be a potentially effective treatment for problematic internet pornography viewing.

Online pornography
See also: Internet addiction disorder § Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (problematic Internet pornography use)

Some clinicians and support organizations recommend voluntary use of Internet content-control software, internet monitoring, or both, to manage online pornography use.[52][53][54] Sex researcher Alvin Cooper and colleagues suggested several reasons for using filters as a therapeutic measure, including curbing accessibility that facilitates problematic behavior and encouraging clients to develop coping and relapse prevention strategies.[52] Cognitive therapist Mary Anne Layden suggested that filters may be useful in maintaining environmental control.[54] Internet behavior researcher David Delmonico stated that, despite their limitations, filters may serve as a "frontline of protection."[53]

Medications
See also: Behavioral addiction § Treatment

Studies of those with non-paraphilic expressions of hypersexuality have hypothesized that various mood disorders, as defined in the DSM, may occur more frequently in sexually compulsive men.[55][56][57]

Compulsive sexual behavior has been treated with antidepressants including SSRIs and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, Naltrexone (a medication used to inhibit reward mechanisms in opiate or alcohol addictions), other mood-stabilizers, and anti-androgens.

Epidemiology

There is only one representative sample (published in 2017) to date concerning distress about sex video use.[58] They found that of 10,131 women surveyed, 0.5% of women agreed with the statement that they were "addicted" to pornography; 1.2% (of 4,218 who viewed) when limited to women who say they viewed sex films. The comparable figure limiting to men who view sex films was 4.4%. This was without any clinical screening that should eliminate primary disorders (e.g., depression) or religious-based concerns, so these should be considered high-end estimates for potential disorders, if any exist.

Most studies of rates use a convenience sample. One 2000 study of a convenience sample of 9,265 people found that 1% of Internet users have concerns about their Internet use and 17% of users meet criteria for problematic sexual compulsivity, meaning they score above one standard deviation of the mean on the Kalichman Sexual Compulsivity Scale.[59] A survey of 84 college-age males found that 20–60% of a sample of college-age males who use pornography found it to be problematic.[60] Research on internet addiction disorder indicates rates may range from 1.5 to 8.2% in Europeans and Americans.[61]

Society and culture

Support groups

Several support groups exist for people who wish to quit pornography use and/or believe themselves to be addicted to pornography. Twelve-step programs such as Sex Addicts Anonymous (SAA), Sexaholics Anonymous (SA), Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA), Sexual Recovery Anonymous (SRA), and Sexual Compulsives Anonymous (SCA) are fellowships of men and women who share their experience, strength and hope with each other so they may overcome their common problem and help others recover from addiction or dependency by using the twelve-step program borrowed from Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other recovery tools.[62]

NoFap is website and community forum founded in 2011 that serves as a support group for those who wish to give up pornography and masturbation.[63] It serves as a support group for those who wish to avoid the use of pornography, masturbation, and/or sexual intercourse.[63][64][65] Recent peer-reviewed data highlighted considerable levels of misogyny along with a poor understanding of human sexuality and relationships within this online community.[66] The Daily Dot and Der Spiegel linked NoFap to recent gender-based murders and breeding domestic terrorism.[67][68]

Fight the New Drug, a Salt Lake City-based non-profit organization founded by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[69] is a non-legislative organization which claims to seek to inform and educate individuals regarding pornography usage with science and personal stories. It is aimed at the youth demographic. There is also a PornFree reddit group which focuses on giving up porn rather than masturbation.[70][71]

Celebrate Recovery is a Christian inter-denominational twelve-step program with about 35,000 available groups and is open to any person who is struggling with life's bad habits, hurts, and hang-ups.[72] Celebrate Recovery was started in 1991 at Saddleback Church in California, and their program is based on the Beatitudes from the biblical Sermon on the Plain and the twelve-step program from Alcoholics Anonymous.[73]

Religious factors
Main articles: Opposition to pornography, Religion and sexuality, and Religious views on pornography
See also: Anti-pornography feminism, Anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom, and Anti-pornography movement in the United States

According to professor E. T. M. Laan, a sexologist working for the Academic Medical Center, it is usually the American religious right which claims the existence of pornography addiction and such claims are rare (scarce) among sexologists.[74] A 2018 meta-analysis showed a correlation between a person being religious and perceiving themself as having a pornography addiction, possibly due to people using pornography despite their religion prohibiting it.[75][76][77]

According to Addicted to Lust: Pornography in the Lives of Conservative Protestants (2019) written by Samuel L. Perry, professor of sociology at the University of Oklahoma, conservative Protestants in the United States are characterized by a "sexual exceptionalism" related to their consumption of pornography due to certain pervasive beliefs within the Conservative Protestant subculture, which entails cognitive dissonance associated with the unfounded conviction to be addicted to pornography, psychological distress, and intense feelings of guilt, shame, self-loathing, depression, and sometimes withdrawal from faith altogether.[78][79]

Perry's book received widespread media coverage[79][80] and his findings were criticized by Lyman Stone of the Evangelical magazine Christianity Today, which asserted that both the quantitative and qualitative statistical data collected by Perry demonstrate that the consumption of pornography in the United States is significantly lower among church-attending Protestant Christians compared to other religious groups, and declared that "Protestant men today who attend church regularly are basically the only men in America still resisting the cultural norm of regularized pornography use".[80]

The overwhelming majority of all websites and YouTube channels devoted to anti-masturbation and anti-porn addiction propaganda, channels and websites supporting NoFap included, are, according to various sources, owned by far-right Christian fundamentalists and conservative biblical inerrantists, and also are entirely political in nature.[63][81] Various psychologists, medical doctors, and social scientists have contended that traditional Christian concerns over combating sexual thoughts, desires, and activities, including masturbation,[82][83][84][85][86] can be seen as unhealthy and unwholesome. This may also apply to secular advocacy of anti-pornography and anti-masturbation,[18][19] including 16 U.S. states' legislatures which have declared that pornography is a "public health crisis".[18][87]

The American Psychiatric Association had by then already dismissed such moral panic ("political stunt")[18] in DSM-5 (published in 2013),[23] and DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction (which would include internet pornography viewing).[46][47]

Emily F. Rothman, Professor of Community Health Sciences at the Boston University School of Public Health, stated in 2021 that "the professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis".[17] The ideas supporting the "crisis" have been described as pseudoscientific.[88]

Mainstream media

In 2013, American actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt wrote, directed, and starred in the comedy-drama film Don Jon, in which the protagonist is addicted to pornography.[89] In an interview to promote the film, Gordon-Levitt discussed what he referred to as the "fundamental difference between a human being and an image on a screen".[90]

In 2014, American actor Terry Crews talked about his long-standing pornography addiction, which he said had seriously affected his marriage and life and which he was able to overcome only after entering rehab in 2009.[91] He now takes an active role in speaking out about pornography addiction and its impact.[92][93][94]

In 2015, English comedian Russell Brand appeared in videos by American anti-pornography group Fight the New Drug, in which he discussed pornography and its harmful effects.[95] Later that year, American actress Rashida Jones produced the documentary Hot Girls Wanted, which gave an in-depth look into the exploitation of women in the pornography industry.[96]

In 2016, American comedian Chris Rock and his wife Malaak Compton divorced after 20 years of marriage,[97] which Rock attributed to his infidelity and pornography addiction.[98] He later discussed the details of his pornography addiction in his 2018 stand-up comedy special Tamborine.[99]

See also

References
  1. "Compulsive sexual behavior disorder". World Health Organization (ICD-11). Archived from the original on 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  2. Martinez-Gilliard, Erin (2023). Sex, Social Justice, and Intimacy in Mental Health Practice: Incorporating Sexual Health in Approaches to Wellness. Taylor & Francis. p. unpaginated. ISBN 978-1-000-84578-5. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023. 'Sex addiction' is also referred to as a diagnosis or presenting problem. Sex addiction is not a diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR and identified as Compulsive Sexual Behavior in the ICD-11 rather than an issue of addiction.
  3. Dhuffar-Pottiwal, Manpreet (2022). Pontes, Halley M. (ed.). Behavioral Addictions: Conceptual, Clinical, Assessment, and Treatment Approaches. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer International Publishing. p. 163. ISBN 978-3-031-04772-5. Retrieved 27 July 2023. Given that we do not yet have definitive information on whether the processes involved in the onset and maintenance of the disorder are equivalent to substance abuse disorders, gambling, and gaming (Kraus et al. 2016), CSBD is not included in the grouping of disorders due to substance and addictive behaviors, but rather in that of impulse control disorders (Kraus et al. 2018).
  4. Bowman, Todd (2022). Reclaiming Sexual Wholeness: An Integrative Christian Approach to Sexual Addiction Treatment. Zondervan Academic. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-310-09311-4. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  5. Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11". Psychology Today. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  6. Sassover, Eli; Weinstein, Aviv (29 September 2020). "Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view". Journal of Behavioral Addictions. Akademiai Kiado Zrt. 11 (2): 166–179. doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00055. ISSN 2062-5871. PMC 9295215. PMID 32997646. S2CID 222167039.
  7. Neves, Silva (2021). Compulsive Sexual Behaviours: A Psycho-Sexual Treatment Guide for Clinicians. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-000-38710-0. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2022. ... materials in ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with sex addiction, but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework
  8. Taylor, Kris (May 7, 2019). "Nosology and metaphor: How pornography viewers make sense of pornography addiction". Sexualities. 23 (4): 609–629. doi:10.1177/1363460719842136. S2CID 164221337.
  9. Duffy, A; Dawson, DL; das Nair, R (May 2016). "Pornography Addiction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Definitions and Reported Impact" (PDF). The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 13 (5): 760–77. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.03.002. PMID 27114191. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
  10. Grant, J. E.; Potenza, M. N.; Weinstein, A.; Gorelick, D. A. (2010). "Introduction to Behavioral Addictions". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 233–241. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491884. PMC 3164585. PMID 20560821.
  11. Kafka, M. P. (2009). "Hypersexual Disorder: A Proposed Diagnosis for DSM-V" (PDF). Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (2): 377–400. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7. PMID 19937105. S2CID 2190694. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  12. "ASAM Definition of Addiction". 19 April 2011. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  13. Kraus, Shane W.; Voon, Valerie; Potenza, Marc N. (December 2016). "Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction?". Addiction. 111 (12): 2097–2106. doi:10.1111/add.13297. ISSN 0965-2140. PMC 4990495. PMID 26893127. S2CID 11261106.
  14. Gola, Mateusz; Wordecha, Małgorzata; Sescousse, Guillaume; Lew-Starowicz, Michał; Kossowski, Bartosz; Wypych, Marek; Makeig, Scott; Potenza, Marc N.; Marchewka, Artur (September 2017). "Can Pornography be Addictive? An fMRI Study of Men Seeking Treatment for Problematic Pornography Use" (PDF). Neuropsychopharmacology. Springer Nature. 42 (10): 2021–2031. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.78. eISSN 1740-634X. ISSN 0893-133X. OCLC 815994337. PMC 5561346. PMID 28409565. S2CID 13759729. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  15. "AASECT Position on Sex Addiction". April 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019. AASECT 1) does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and 2) does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge.
  16. Hilton, Donald L. (2013). "Pornography addiction – a supranormal stimulus considered in the context of neuroplasticity". Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology. 3 (1): 20767. doi:10.3402/snp.v3i0.20767. ISSN 2000-9011. PMC 3960020. PMID 24693354.
  17. Rothman, Emily F. (2021). Pornography and Public Health. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-007549-1. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2022. The professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis.
  18. Nelson, Kimberly M.; Rothman, Emily F. (February 2020). Morabia, Alfredo (ed.). "Should Public Health Professionals Consider Pornography a Public Health Crisis?". American Journal of Public Health. American Public Health Association. 110 (2): 151–153. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305498. ISSN 1541-0048. PMC 6951382. PMID 31913670. S2CID 210121251.
  19. Rothman, Emily F. (2021). "Pornography as a US Public Health Problem". Pornography and Public Health. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190075477.003.0001. ISBN 9780190075477. LCCN 2021013439. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  20. Steele, V.; Prause, N.; Staley, C.; Fong, G. W. (2013). "Sexual Desire, not Hypersexuality, is Related to Neurophysiological Responses Elicited by Sexual Images". Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology. 3: 20770. doi:10.3402/snp.v3i0.20770. PMC 3960022. PMID 24693355.
  21. Hilton, Donald L. (21 February 2014). "'High desire', or 'merely' an addiction? A response to Steele et al". Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology. 4 (1): 23833. doi:10.3402/snp.v4.23833. PMC 3975913. PMID 24707350.
  22. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 481, 797–798. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming, have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders. ... Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
  23. Weir, Kirsten (April 2014). "Is pornography addictive?". Monitor on Psychology. 45 (4): 46. ISSN 1529-4978. OCLC 612512821. Archived from the original on 2014-04-05.
  24. Allez, Glyn Hudson, ed. (4 June 2014). "Chapter Ten. The pleasure, the power, and the perils of Internet pornography". Sexual Diversity and Sexual Offending: Research, Assessment, and Clinical Treatment in Psychosexual Therapy. Karnac Books. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-78181-368-3. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  25. Since it is neither of two behavioral addictions mentioned above.
  26. Kraus, Shane W; Voon, Valerie; Potenza, Marc N (2015-09-22). "Neurobiology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Emerging Science". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (1): 385–386. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.300. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 4677151. PMID 26657963.
  27. Brand, Matthias; Young, Kimberly S.; Laier, Christian; Wölfling, Klaus; Potenza, Marc N. (2016-12-01). "Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 71: 252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033. PMID 27590829.
  28. Kühn, S.; Gallinat, J. (2016-01-01). "Neurobiological Basis of Hypersexuality". In Zahr, Natalie M.; Peterson, Eric T. (eds.). Imaging the Addicted Brain. pp. 67–83. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.04.002. ISBN 9780128039144. PMID 27503448. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  29. Prause, Nicole; Steele, Vaughn R.; Staley, Cameron; Sabatinelli, Dean; Hajcak, Greg (2015). "Modulation of late positive potentials by sexual images in problem users and controls inconsistent with 'porn addiction'". Biological Psychology. 109: 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.005. PMID 26095441. S2CID 1446388.
  30. Prause, Nicole; Janssen, Erick; Georgiadis, Janniko; Finn, Peter; Pfaus, James (2017). "Data do not support sex as addictive". The Lancet Psychiatry. 4 (12): 899. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30441-8. PMID 29179928.
  31. Grant, J. (2014). "Impulse control disorders and 'behavioural addictions' in the ICD‐11". World Psychiatry. 13 (2): 125–127. doi:10.1002/wps.20115. PMC 4102276. PMID 24890056.
  32. World Health Organisation (2021). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: 6C72 Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  33. Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). "Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11". Psychology Today. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  34. Grubbs, Joshua B.; Perry, Samuel L.; Wilt, Joshua A.; Reid, Rory C. (2018-08-03). "Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: An Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Archives of Sexual Behavior. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 48 (2): 397–415. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 30076491.
  35. Prause, Nicole; Binnie, James (2023-02-22). "Iatrogenic effects of Reboot/NoFap on public health: A preregistered survey study". Sexualities. SAGE Publications: 136346072311570. doi:10.1177/13634607231157070. ISSN 1363-4607.
  36. Grubbs, Joshua B.; Tahk, Regina; Fernandez, David P.; Fernandez, Elaine F.; Ley, David (2023). "Pornography and Pride: Antagonism drives links between narcissism and perceived addiction to pornography". Journal of Research in Personality. Elsevier BV: 104419. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104419. ISSN 0092-6566.
  37. Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O.; Martini, Tanya S. (5 December 2016). Psychology: Modules for Active Learning. Cengage Learning. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-1-337-51708-9. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  38. Heather, Nick (2017). "Is the concept of compulsion useful in the explanation or description of addictive behaviour and experience?". Addictive Behaviors Reports. Elsevier BV. 6: 15–38. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2017.05.002. ISSN 2352-8532. PMC 5800587. PMID 29450234.
  39. "What's the difference between an addiction and a compulsion?". Go Ask Alice!. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  40. Munson, C.; Knauer, S.L. (2014). Recovering from Sexual Abuse, Addictions, and Compulsive Behaviors: "Numb" Survivors. Taylor & Francis. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-317-78868-3. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  41. American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. Note that the word addiction is not applied as a diagnostic term in this classification, although it is in common usage in many countries to describe severe problems related to compulsive and habitual use of substances.
  42. Brown, Jennifer A.; Wisco, Jonathan J. (2019). "The components of the adolescent brain and its unique sensitivity to sexually explicit material". Journal of Adolescence. Elsevier BV. 72: 10–13. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.006. ISSN 0140-1971. PMID 30754014. S2CID 73442225.
  43. Segal, David (4 April 2014). "Does porn harm children?". Dallas News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  44. Román García, Óscar; Bacigalupe, Amaia; Vaamonde García, Cristina (2021). "[Sexual and reproductive health effects of mainstream pornography use in adolescents]". Revista Española de Salud Pública. 95 (1). PMID 34267175. También es necesario tener en cuenta que puede existir una limitación de causalidad inversa relacionada con los hallazgos actuales sobre la posibilidad de que padecer algún determinado problema de salud mental o tener conductas de agresividad puede conllevar a un aumento de consumo de pornografía mainstream.
  45. Peter, Jochen; Valkenburg, Patti M. (30 March 2016). "Adolescents and Pornography: A Review of 20 Years of Research". The Journal of Sex Research. Informa UK Limited. 53 (4–5): 509–531. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 27105446. S2CID 205443959.
  46. American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Conditions for Further Study". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm)). G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 916. ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-15. Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.
  47. American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm)). G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 543. ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-04-15. In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and that produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming (see "Conditions for Further Study"), have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, sometimes termed behavioral addictions (with subcategories such as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," and "shopping addiction"), are not included because there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.
  48. "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 6C72 Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder". ICD-11. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  49. Briken, Peer; Turner, Daniel (13 July 2022). "What does "Sexual" mean in compulsive sexual behavior disorder? •". Journal of Behavioral Addictions. Akademiai Kiado Zrt. 11 (2): 222–225. doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00026. ISSN 2062-5871. PMC 9295231. PMID 35895459.
  50. Prause, Nicole; Binnie, James (22 February 2023). "Iatrogenic effects of Reboot/NoFap on public health: A preregistered survey study" (PDF). Sexualities. SAGE Publications: 136346072311570. doi:10.1177/13634607231157070. ISSN 1363-4607. S2CID 257172274.
  51. Laier, Christian. Cybersex addiction: Craving and cognitive processes Archived 2016-01-05 at the Wayback Machine. Diss. Universität Duisburg-Essen, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften» Ingenieurwissenschaften-Campus Duisburg» Abteilung Informatik und Angewandte Kognitionswissenschaft, 2012.
  52. Cooper, Alvin; Putnam, Dana E.; Planchon, Lynn A.; Boies, Sylvain C. (1999). "Online sexual compulsivity: Getting tangled in the net". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 6 (2): 79–104. doi:10.1080/10720169908400182.
  53. Delmonico, David L. (1997). "Cybersex: High tech sex addiction". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 4 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1080/10720169708400139.
  54. Layden, Mary Anne (September 2005). "Cyber Sex Addiction" (PDF). Advances in Cognitive Therapy: 1–2, 4–5.
  55. Kafka, M.P., & Hennen, J. (2002). A DSM IV axis I comorbidity study of males (n¼120) with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders Archived 2018-11-08 at the Wayback Machine. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 14. 349–366.
  56. Kafka, M.P., & Prentky, R.A. (1994). Preliminary observations of DSM III-R axis I comorbidity in men with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders Archived 2021-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 55. 481–487.
  57. Kafka, M.P., & Prentky, R.A. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in males with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: a comorbidity study Archived 2022-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59:388–396.
  58. Rissel, C; Richters, J.; de Visser, R.; McKee, A.; Yeung, A. (2017). "A profile of pornography users in australia: Findings from the second australian study of health and relationships". The Journal of Sex Research. 54 (2): 227–240. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1191597. hdl:10453/48993. PMID 27419739. S2CID 11724798.
  59. Cooper A.; Delmonico D. L.; Burg R. (2000). "Cybersex user, abusers, and compulsives". Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity. 7 (1–2): 5–29. doi:10.1080/10720160008400205. S2CID 144124065.
  60. Twohig, M. P.; Crosby, J. M.; Cox, J. M. (2009). "Viewing Internet Pornography: For Whom is it Problematic, How, and Why?". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 16 (4): 253–266. doi:10.1080/10720160903300788. S2CID 144495292.
  61. Weinstein, A.; Lejoyeux, M. (2010). "Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 36 (5): 277–283. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1025.8525. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491880. PMID 20545603. S2CID 17713327.
  62. Efrati, Yaniv; Gola, Mateusz (2018). "Compulsive sexual behavior: A twelve-step therapeutic approach". Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 7 (2): 445–453. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.26. ISSN 2062-5871. PMC 6174596. PMID 29787293.
  63. Burnett, Scott (May 2021). Barber, Kristen; Bridges, Tristan; Nelson, Joseph Derrick (eds.). "The Battle for "NoFap": Myths, Masculinity, and the Meaning of Masturbation Abstention". Men and Masculinities. SAGE Publications. 25 (3): 477–496. doi:10.1177/1097184X211018256. ISSN 1552-6828. LCCN 98659253. OCLC 321242407. S2CID 236603234.
  64. Cowell, Tom (17 September 2013). "No fapping, please, it's making us ill". The Telegraph. London, England: Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  65. McMahon, Tamsin (20 January 2014). "Will quitting porn improve your life?: A growing 'NoFap' movement of young men are saying no to porn and masturbation". Maclean's. Toronto, Canada: Rogers Media. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  66. Taylor, K.; Jackson, S. (2018). "'I want that power back': Discourses of masculinity within an online pornography abstinence forum". Sexualities. 21 (4): 621–639. doi:10.1177/1363460717740248. S2CID 149306706.
  67. Valens, Ana (17 March 2021). "It's easy to see the role 'NoFap' played in yesterday's violence against Asian women". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  68. Rosenbach, Marcel; Müller, Ann-Katrin; Höfner, Roman; Baumgärtner, Maik; Spiegel, Der (10 March 2021). "Hatred Against Women: The Dark World of Extremist Misogyny". DER SPIEGEL. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  69. Allen, Samantha (October 20, 2015). "'Porn Kills Love': Mormons' Anti-Smut Crusade". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  70. Hosie, Rachel (3 May 2017). "Inside the community of men who have given up porn". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  71. "Man deletes 18 terabyte porn collection to try and end his addiction". The Independent. 2017-08-15. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  72. "Issue Pamphlets - Celebrate Recovery®". www.celebraterecovery.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  73. "12 Steps - Celebrate Recovery®". www.celebraterecovery.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  74. Casper van der Veen (17 August 2016). "'Erectieproblemen bij jongeren door porno op internet' - NRC". Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  75. Ley, David J. (21 August 2018). "Science Stopped Believing in Porn Addiction. You Should, Too". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  76. Grubbs, Joshua B.; Perry, Samuel L.; Wilt, Joshua A.; Reid, Rory C. (2018-08-03). "Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence: An Integrative Model with a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (2): 397–415. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 30076491. S2CID 51911309.
  77. Štulhofer, Aleksandar; Kohut, Taylor; Koletić, Goran (2022), VanderLaan, Doug P.; Wong, Wang Ivy (eds.), "Pornography Use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood", Gender and Sexuality Development: Contemporary Theory and Research, Focus on Sexuality Research, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 387–389, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84273-4_14, ISBN 978-3-030-84273-4, retrieved 2023-08-17
  78. Perry, Samuel L. (2019). "Fleshly Lusts That War Against the Soul". Addicted to Lust: Pornography in the Lives of Conservative Protestants. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–88. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844219.003.0004. ISBN 9780190844219. LCCN 2018054212. OCLC 1090397111. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  79. Chotiner, Isaac (3 May 2019). "A Sociologist of Religion on Protestants, Porn, and the "Purity Industrial Complex"". The New Yorker. New York City: Condé Nast. ISSN 0028-792X. OCLC 320541675. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  80. Stone, Lyman (26 June 2019). Harrell, Daniel M. (ed.). "Conservative Protestant Men Are Still Resisting Porn". Christianity Today. Carol Stream, Illinois. ISSN 0009-5753. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  81. Ley, David J. (27 October 2018). "Is One Sexual Behavior Triggering Certain Groups?". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  82. Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) [2015]. "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In Fewell, Danna N. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 456–465. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39. ISBN 9780199967728. LCCN 2015033360. S2CID 146505567.
  83. Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin. SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc. 45 (2): 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. ISSN 1945-7596. S2CID 170127256.
  84. Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). "The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression". Gender in Medieval Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 74–78. doi:10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003. ISBN 978-1-4411-2160-8. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  85. Frontain, Raymond-Jean (2003). "Introduction". In Frontain, Raymond-Jean (ed.). Reclaiming the Sacred: The Bible in Gay and Lesbian Culture (2nd ed.). New York and London: Harrington Park Press. pp. 1–24, 53, 55. ISBN 9781560233558. LCCN 2002068889. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  86. Palmer, Randall; Winner, Lauren F. (2005) [2002]. "Protestants and Homosexuality". Protestantism in America. Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 149–178. ISBN 9780231111317. LCCN 2002023859. Archived from the original on 2023-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  87. Quinn, Mattie (17 July 2019). "Is Porn a Public Health Crisis? 16 States Say Yes". Governing. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  88. de Jong, David C.; Faulkenberry, Rachel S.; Konda, Olivia; Joyner, Berkley (2022). "Masturbation". Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier. pp. 369–378. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91497-0.00075-8. ISBN 9780323914987.
  89. "Don Jon". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
  90. Minow, Nell. "Joseph Gordon-Levitt discusses "Don Jon" - Interviews". Roger Ebert. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  91. "No One Wants To Be With The Marlboro Man: Terry Crews On 'Manhood'". NPR.org. May 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  92. "Terry Crews' New Book Details Struggle With Porn Addiction - Black America Web". Black America Web. May 27, 2014. Archived from the original on May 28, 2014.
  93. ABC News (2016-02-25). "Terry Crews Says Porn Addiction Nearly Ruined His Life". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2018-07-07. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
  94. Brandon Griggs (February 24, 2016). "Terry Crews: Porn addiction 'messed up my life'". CNN. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  95. "- YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018.
  96. "Hot Girls Wanted". IMDb. Archived from the original on 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
  97. Corriston, Michele (December 28, 2014). "Chris Rock & Wife Malaak Compton-Rock Split". People. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  98. Bitette, Nicole (August 23, 2016). "Chris Rock, Malaak Compton finalize divorce after 20 years of marriage". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  99. Sharf, Zach (February 14, 2018). "Chris Rock Gets Brutally Honest About Porn Addiction and Cheating on His Wife: 'I Wasn't a Good Husband'". Indiewire.com. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.

Further reading
  • Klein, M. (2017). His Porn, Her Pain: Confronting America's Porn Panic With Honest Talk About Sex (ISBN 1440842868) Praeger
  • Cooper, Al (2002). Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians (ISBN 1-58391-355-6) Routledge
  • P. Williamson, S. Kisser (1989). Answers In the Heart: Daily Meditations for Men and Women Recovering from Sex Addiction (ISBN 978-0-89486-568-8) Hazelden
  • Patrick Carnes (2001). Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sexual Addiction (ISBN 978-1-56838-621-8) Hazelden
  • Sex Addicts Anonymous (ISBN 0-9768313-1-7)
  • Rosenberg, Matthew (1999). “Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Sexual Offenders: Tools for the Therapist, downloadable version on stopoffending.com
  • "Science of Arousal and Relationships". Archived from the original on 2019-04-14.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.