Pleistoannelida

Pleistoannelida
	Examples of Pleistoannelida (clockwise from upper left corner): Sabellida, Echiura, Eunicida, Clitellata, Phyllodocida, Siboglinidae.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
(unranked):	Spiralia
Superphylum:	Lophotrochozoa
Phylum:	Annelida
Clade:	Pleistoannelida; Struck 2011[1]
Clades[2][3][4]
	Errantia Aciculata Eunicida; Phyllodocida; ; Protodriliformia Polygordiidae; Protodrilida; ; ; Sedentaria Orbiniida; Cirratuliformia; Siboglinidae (=Pogonophora); Sabellida; Spionida; Opheliida; Capitellida Echiura; Capitellidae; ; Terebelliformia; Maldanomorpha; Psammodrilidae; Clitellata; ; Incertae sedis Myzostomida; Spinther; Aberranta;

Pleistoannelida is a group of annelid worms that comprises the vast majority of the diversity in phylum Annelida. Discovered through phylogenetic analyses, it is the largest clade of annelids, comprised by the last common ancestor of the highly diverse sister groups Errantia and Sedentaria (Clitellata and related polychaetes) and all the descendants of that ancestor.[1][4]

Phylogeny

Pleistoannelida is composed by two big clades: Errantia (eunicids, siboglinids and related polychaetes) and Sedentaria (spoon worms, tubeworms, clitellates and related polychaetes). There are also smaller groups of difficult placement, such as Myzostomida and Spintheridae, that belong to either one of them.[2] Closely related to Pleistoannelida is a grade of basal annelids: the Amphinomida/Sipunculida/Lobatocerebrum clade, Chaetopterida and Palaeoannelida.[4]

A possible, closer sister group to Pleistoannelida could be Dinophiliformia, a clade containing interstitial (meiofaunal) genera previously found in Orbiniida (Sedentaria).[5]

Annelida

Palaeoannelida

Chaetopterida

Amphinomida

	Lobatocerebrum

	Sipunculida

?

Dinophiliformia

Pleistoannelida

Errantia

Aciculata

	Eunicida

	Phyllodocida

?

?

?

	Cirratuliformia

	Siboglinidae

	Sabellida

	Spionida

Opheliida

Capitellida

	Echiura

	Capitellidae

	Terebelliformia

	Maldanomorpha

Clitellata

A 2019 analysis recovered the mesozoan group Orthonectida as the sister group to Pleistoannelida.[6] However, a more recent 2022 analysis found a monophyletic Orthonectida+Dicyemida clade localized outside of the annelids, between Gnathifera and Platyhelminthes.[7]

References

Struck TH (November 2011). "Direction of evolution within Annelida and the definition of Pleistoannelida". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 49 (4): 340–345. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00640.x.
Weigert A, Bleidorn C (2016). "Current status of annelid phylogeny". Org Divers Evol. 16: 345–362. doi:10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7.
Struck TH, Golombek A, Weigert A, Franke FA, Westheide W, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Halanych KM (3 August 2015). "The evolution of annelids reveals two adaptive routes to the interstitial realm". Curr Biol. 25 (15): 1993–1999. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.007. PMID 26212885.
Struck TH (2019). "Phylogeny". In Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (eds.). Handbook of Zoology: Annelida. Vol. 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110291582-002. ISBN 9783110291469.
Martín-Durán JM, Vellutini BC, Marlétaz F, et al. (2021). "Conservative route to genome compaction in a miniature annelid". Nat Ecol Evol. 5: 231–242. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01327-6.
Zverkov, Oleg A.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Isaev, Sergey V.; Rusin, Leonid Y.; Popova, Olga V.; Logacheva, Maria D.; Penin, Alexey A.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Panchin, Yuri V.; Lyubetsky, Vassily A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V. (24 May 2019). "Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification". Front. Genet. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.
Drábková, Marie; Kocot, Kevin M.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Oakley, Todd H.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Cannon, Johanna T.; Kuris, Armand; Garcia-Vedrenne, Ana Elisa; Pankey, M. Sabrina; Ellis, Emily A.; Varney, Rebecca; Štefka, Jan; Zrzavý, Jan (2022). "Different phylogenomic methods support monophyly of enigmatic 'Mesozoa' (Dicyemida + Orthonectida, Lophotrochozoa)". Proc. R. Soc. B. 289: 20220683. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0683. PMC 9257288.

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[Pleistoannelida-1] Struck TH (November 2011). "Direction of evolution within Annelida and the definition of Pleistoannelida". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 49 (4): 340–345. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2011.00640.x.

[AnnelidCurrent-2] Weigert A, Bleidorn C (2016). "Current status of annelid phylogeny". Org Divers Evol. 16: 345–362. doi:10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7.

[Two_adaptive_routes_Annelida-3] Struck TH, Golombek A, Weigert A, Franke FA, Westheide W, Purschke G, Bleidorn C, Halanych KM (3 August 2015). "The evolution of annelids reveals two adaptive routes to the interstitial realm". Curr Biol. 25 (15): 1993–1999. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.007. PMID 26212885.

[Handbook_Zoology_Annelida_1-4] Struck TH (2019). "Phylogeny". In Purschke G, Böggemann M, Westheide W (eds.). Handbook of Zoology: Annelida. Vol. 1: Annelida Basal Groups and Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria I. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110291582-002. ISBN 9783110291469.

[Genome_compaction_annelid-5] Martín-Durán JM, Vellutini BC, Marlétaz F, et al. (2021). "Conservative route to genome compaction in a miniature annelid". Nat Ecol Evol. 5: 231–242. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01327-6.

[MesozoaPhylo2019-6] Zverkov, Oleg A.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Isaev, Sergey V.; Rusin, Leonid Y.; Popova, Olga V.; Logacheva, Maria D.; Penin, Alexey A.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Panchin, Yuri V.; Lyubetsky, Vassily A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir V. (24 May 2019). "Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification". Front. Genet. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.

[Monophyletic_Mesozoa-7] Drábková, Marie; Kocot, Kevin M.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Oakley, Todd H.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Cannon, Johanna T.; Kuris, Armand; Garcia-Vedrenne, Ana Elisa; Pankey, M. Sabrina; Ellis, Emily A.; Varney, Rebecca; Štefka, Jan; Zrzavý, Jan (2022). "Different phylogenomic methods support monophyly of enigmatic 'Mesozoa' (Dicyemida + Orthonectida, Lophotrochozoa)". Proc. R. Soc. B. 289: 20220683. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0683. PMC 9257288.