Orthoceratoidea

Orthoceratoidea is a major subclass of nautiloid cephalopods. Members of this subclass usually have orthoconic (straight) to slightly cyrtoconic (curved) shells, and central to subcentral siphuncles which may bear internal deposits.[1] Orthoceratoids are also characterized by dorsomyarian muscle scars (a small number of large scars concentrated at the top of the body chamber), extensive cameral deposits, and calciosiphonate connecting rings with a porous and calcitic inner layer.[2]

Orthoceratoidea
Temporal range: Descendant taxon Coleoidea survives to the present
Orthoconic nautiloid fossil from Morocco
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Subclass: †Orthoceratoidea
M'Coy 1844
Orders

Currently, Orthoceratoidea comprises the orders Riocerida, Dissidocerida, Actinocerida, Pseudorthocerida, Lituitida and Orthocerida.[3] Orthocerida is a noteworthy paraphyletic order which is ancestral to the major cephalopod groups such as the extinct ammonoids and living coleoids (cephalopods without external shells, including squids, octopus, cuttlefish, etc.).[2][3]

Taxonomy

As a superorder, Orthoceratiodea was one of six superorders within the Nautiloidea, the others being the Plectronoceratoidea (= Ellesmeroceratoidea of some) from which the others are derived, the Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, Discosoratoidea, and Nautilitoidea.

Current classifications (e.g. Kröger 2008 and Teichert 1980) separate orthoceratoids, endocerids and actinocerids as co-equal taxa to the Nautiloidea, which becomes much reduced in scope. Wade (1988) instead proposed separating the Nautiloidea into phylogenetically related superorders while retaining the basic concept of the subclass: externally shelled cephalopods with simple concave septa and retrochoanitic siphuncles from which the convexly septate Ammonoidea with prochoanitic siphuncles are distinguished.

In Kröger 2008, Orthoceratoidea is used as a subclass, referring to McCoy (1844), revising his (Kröger 2004) perception of the order Orthocerida Kuhn (1940) as part of the Nautiloidea, in the sense of Sweet 1964 in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.

In the classification of Teichert (1988), the subclass Orthoceratoidea is expanded to include the orders found in the Plectronoceratoidea and Orthoceratoidea of Wade (1988), combining forms with thick-ringed ventral siphuncles with those with thin-ringed central siphuncles.

The Orthoceratoidea in Kröger (2008) includes the Orthocerida, Ascocerida, Pseudorthocerda as in Wade (1988) plus the Dissidocerida and Lituitida. The Lituitida, or Lituitiae, has been shown to have evolved from within the Tarphycerida by a straightening of the adult shell, a common character of many tarphycerids. The Dissidocerida, separated from the Orthocerida by Zhuravleva (1964), includes the Troedssonellidae and two small monogeneric orders, the Polymeridae and Rangeroceratidae, both established by Evans (2005).

References
  1. Kröger, B.; Evans, D. H. (2011). "Review and paleoecological analysis of the late Tremadocian – early Floian (Early Ordovician) cephalopod fauna of the Montagne Noire, France". Fossil Record. 14 (1): 5–34. doi:10.1002/mmng.201000013.
  2. King, Andy H.; Evans, David H. (2019). "High-level classification of the nautiloid cephalopods: a proposal for the revision of the Treatise Part K". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 138 (1): 65–85. doi:10.1007/s13358-019-00186-4. ISSN 1664-2384. S2CID 133647555.
  3. Pohle, Alexander; Kröger, Björn; Warnock, Rachel C. M.; King, Andy H.; Evans, David H.; Aubrechtová, Martina; Cichowolski, Marcela; Fang, Xiang; Klug, Christian (2022-04-14). "Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference". BMC Biology. 20 (1): 88. doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01284-5. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 9008929. PMID 35421982.
  • Flower 1950 in Flower and Kummel 1950, A Classification of the Nautiloidea; Journal of Paleontology 24(5):604-616, Sept 1950
  • Kroger 2008, Brief Report, A new genus of middle Tremadocian orthoceratoids and the Early Ordovician origin of orthoceratoid cephalopods; Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 (4): 745–749, 2008
  • Kroger 2004, Revision of Middle Ordovician orthoceratacean nautiloids from Baltoscandia; Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (1): 57–74.
  • Stanley & Techert 1976; Lamellorthoceratida (Cephalopoda, Orthoceratoidea) from the Lower Devonian of New York; the University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Nov.12, 1976, Paper 86.
  • Sweet, W..C. 1964. Nautiloidea- Orthocerida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K, Teichert and Moore (eds) Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
  • Teichert C, 1988, Main Features of Cephalopod Evolution, Ch 2 in The Mollusca Vol 12 Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods, Clarke & Trueman (eds) Academic Press.
  • Wade, M 1988. Nautiloids and their descendants: cephalopod classification in 1986; New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Memoir 44, Oct 1988 :15-25.
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