National Security Guard

The NSG was established in the wake of 1984 Operation Blue Star, and the high collateral damage to Golden Temple, and civilian and military collateral casualties. Since its founding the NSG has been used in the Punjab in 1986, and Jammu and Kashmir. Some of the NSG's known operations include:

• 29–30 April 1986: About 300 NSG commandos and 700 Border Security Force troops stormed the Golden Temple in Operation Black Thunder I. The Temple was cleared and handed over to Punjab Police on 1 May 1986. 300 Sikh militants were captured, and there were no deaths or injuries for either side.[9]
• January 1988: The NSG conducted Op Black Hawk, a heliborne operation in the Mand area of Punjab. In this operation two terrorists were killed and one 7.62mm rifle was recovered. It was a massive operation, says former NSG Director-General Ved Marwah, though it did not get many spectacular results like in Black Thunder.[10]
• 12 May 1988: 1,000 NSG commandos (all ranks) surrounded the Golden Temple for yet another assault, in Operation Black Thunder II. Sniper teams armed with Heckler & Koch PSG-1 rifles with night scope took up positions, including atop a 300-foot water tower. While commandos from the 51 SAG divided into assault squadrons, the SRG was used to seal off the area around the temple and for tactical support. In the three-day operation between 15 and 18 May 1988, the NSG cleared the temple. 40 terrorists were killed, and 200 surrendered. In the mid-1990s, a NSG battalion was again deployed in Punjab to confront the Sikh rioters. There they began training the Punjab Police in counter-terrorism.[11]
• 5 September – 15 January 1988: Guarding of high-risk terrorist code-named 'Jack'.[10]
• 4 August 1989: Operation Mouse Trap in the Tarn Taran district of Punjab, in conjunction with Punjab Police and other security forces. NSG was able to demonstrate that it was possible to achieve area dominance at night, if the strategy and tactics were right. Ved Marwah calls this Operation Night Dominance.[10]
• 10 November 1990: NSG task force flown to Kolkata to rescue hostages of a Thai airbus by Burmese students.[10]
• 25–26 January 1991: The NSG was involved in Operation Ani Ben, on CI tasks in Baroda, (Gujarat) where Punjab terrorists were holed up inside a house. Two terrorists were killed and two AK-47s were recovered.[10]
• 1 July-20 September 1991: NSG employed along with SIT in search and strike missions after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.[10]
• 25 November – 16 December 1992: 150 commandos were deployed at Ayodhya during the Ram Janambhoomi and Babri Masjid crisis.[10]
• 27 March 1993: 52 SAG mobilised and moved to Adampur for rescue of hostages of Indian Airlines Flight IC 486.[10]
• 24–25 April 1993: NSG Commandos stormed a hijacked Indian Airlines Boeing 737 with 141 passengers on board at Amritsar airport during Operation Ashwamedh. Two hijackers, including their leader, Mohammed Yousuf Shah, were killed and one was disarmed before any hostages were harmed.[10][12]
• October 1998: As part of the implementation of the Union Home Ministry's decision to conduct pro-active strikes against militants, commando teams supported by IAF Mi-25/35 helicopter gun-ships began striking at terrorist groups deep inside the mountains and forests of Kashmir. After helicopter reconnaissance was conducted to pinpoint the militants, the commandos – comprising NSG and Rashtriya Rifles personnel – were para-dropped, along with supplies, into the area to hunt the militants. They had to rely on these supplies and their ability to live off the land until replenishment every fortnight or so. These missions are possibly ongoing.[11]
• 15 July 1999: NSG commandos ended a 30-hour standoff by killing 2 terrorists and rescuing all 12 hostages unharmed in J&K. The terrorists had attacked a BSF campus near Srinagar, killed 3 officers and the wife of another. The 12 hostages were kept locked in a room.[11]
• 21 August 1999: After interrogating three captured terrorists, the Delhi Police Crime branch confirmed that two more terrorists were hiding in a one-storied house in Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh. Since the terrorists were considered armed and dangerous (their colleagues were arrested with 100+ pounds of RDX), the Delhi Police sought assistance from the NSG. A 16-man team arrived at the house at 4:45 am They began their assault at 5:30 am, before first light. The first militant managed to fire at the commandos with a pistol he kept by his bedside, but was killed an instant later. The second terrorist was shot before he had a chance to fire and died 40 minutes later. No NSG personnel were injured.[11]
• December 1999: Terrorists hijacked Indian Airlines flight IC814 from Nepal, and landed in Amritsar, Punjab. Within minutes of landing, the Crisis Management Group (CMG), which authorised the use of the NSG, was informed. But the CMG wasted precious hours and by the time the go-ahead was issued, it was too late. On the other hand, the NSG team on alert was elsewhere and no other team was raised during the delay. The hijacked plane took off before the NSG reached Amritsar Airport. The plane landed in Kandahar, Afghanistan where one hostage was killed. Finally, the Indian Government agreed to the terrorists' demands to release three jailed terrorists. The hostages were released and the terrorists escaped to Pakistan.[11]
• February 2000: Following the Flight IC 814 fiasco, the Indian Government decided to implement an Air Marshaling programme. At least two NSG operators were to be present on flights over select routes. These operators would be armed with weapons firing lethal, but low-velocity, fragmentation rounds to minimize danger to the passengers and prevent penetration of the aircraft. Another decision taken was to deploy NSG teams permanently at eight sensitive airports around the country, especially those bordering Pakistan and the North East. This decision was to cut short reaction times for the NSG and eliminate hassles involved in flying the teams to the hijack site. It is not known if this plan has been put into action.[11]
• September 2002 – SAG commandos flew to Karnataka, to catch sandalwood smuggler and forest brigand Veerappan, in the wake of the kidnapping of a former minister of the state cabinet, Nagappa. They pulled out after suggesting that intelligence for the operation was inadequate. A small team was left behind to help, the hostage was eventually killed in December 2002.[10]
• October 2002 – Two terrorists attacked the Akshardham temple complex in Gujarat. NSG flew in, delayed by traffic in Delhi. They carried out assaults in which one commando was killed and another one was seriously injured and died after 18 months in a coma. By morning the two terrorists were neutralised and the operation completed successfully.[10]
• December 2002 – Terrorists attacked the Raghunath temple in Jammu. NSG was ready to be flown out but was called back at the last minute.[10]
• 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks – Operation Black Tornado and Operation Cyclone to flush out terrorists & rescue hostages after multiple attacks across Mumbai, India. Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan and Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht of the Special Action Group were killed in action during the operations. Over 900 rooms were scanned, 8 terrorists killed and over 600 hostages rescued during the operation.
• 2013 Hyderabad blasts – Deployed in Hyderabad after the bomb blasts.
• 2013 Bangalore Bomb Blast – NSG was deployed in Bangalore after the bomb blast took place in the city.
• 2013 Patna bombings – A team of the NSG, which was sent to Patna for post-blasts analysis, said at least three more Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) were defused.
• 2016 Pathankot attack – An NSG team took part in the operation to neutralise terrorists where Lt. Col. Niranjan lost his life defusing a grenade or IED booby-trapped on the body of a dead terrorist, and 12 other members of the unit were injured. Six terrorists were neutralised in the operation by the NSG, Defence Security Corps and the Garud Commando Force[13][14]
• May 2023 – A team of NSG Commandos was deployed in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir along with a team MARCOS Commandos to provide security to the G20 delegates during the 3rd G20 Tourism Working Group Meeting held at the Sher-i-Kashmir International Convention Centre on the banks of Dal Lake in Srinagar during May 22–24.[15]

The NSG is a 'federal contingency deployment force' which generally intervenes during serious terrorist attacks. It has been described as "New Delhi’s go-to response force in worst case scenarios".[16][17]

As a specialised counter-terrorism force, it is intended to be used "only in exceptional situations" and is not meant to take over the "functions of the State Police Forces or other Para Military Forces".[16] Despite this, its role was later expanded to provide personal security to influential politicians regardless of the real threat that they face.However, in January 2020, NSG was relieved of its additional responsibilities of VIP security and its original roles of counter-terrorism and anti-hijacking were restored.[18]

A small unit of the NSG has been present in Kashmir since 2018, when the proposal to deploy around 100 commandos in Kashmir to support the Indian forces in high risk operations was approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs.[19][20]

The NMDC, which is a specialized agency operating within the NSG, has also occasionally supported local law enforcement by conducting Post Blast Investigations.[21][22]

According to the NSG website, the organization was initially inspired by and modelled on the British Special Air Service as well as Germany's GSG 9.[23][24][25]

Mehram Nagar, Palam ,serves as the administrative headquarters of the NSG. The headquarters is overseen by the Director-General of the NSG, who is assisted in administrative matters by four Indian Police Service officers, out of whom two are Inspectors Generals at the Administrative Headquarters. They are in turn are assisted by the Deputy Inspectors General of the NSG.[26] The Financial Advisor of the NSG is generally an officer with rank of Joint Secretary belonging to the Central Accounts Services and is assisted by two Deputy Financial Advisors belonging of the Indian Audit and Accounts Service and the Indian Civil Accounts Service respectively .A small unit of the NSG is present near Palam Nagar.

Manesar is the operational headquarter of the NSG. An Indian Army Major general who is deputed to NSGs Manesar headquarters is designated as the Inspector General of NSG's operations. The Inspector General is responsible for the planning and conduction of operations. Training is overseen by the Inspector General of Training, also a major general on deputation from the army. Both of them are further assisted by the Deputy Inspector General of Operations and the Deputy Inspector General of Training respectively.[27]

The combat arms of the NSG consist of 2 Special Action Groups and 3 Special Ranger Groups stationed at its Manesar headquarters, 5 Special Composite Groups posted at each of its 5 regional hubs as well as the National Bomb Data Centre and the Electronic Support Centre also based at its operational headquarters in Manesar.

National Bomb Data Centre

An NSG bomb disposal squad member during a training mission

The National Bomb Data Centre (NBDC) was established in the year 1988 and redefined its role in the year 2000. NBDC was assigned the role of monitoring, recording and analyzing all bombing incidents in the country. It also records and analyses various bombing incidents across the world to gain expertise knowledge in bombing and related incidents to effectively counter such situations and shares information with relevant security agencies. NBDC also performs research and development in the field of explosives engineering.[28] The NBDC act as a nodal agency for all bombing related facets in the country. It is headed by a Group Commander who is either an Army officer with the rank of 'colonel' or a Central Armed Police Force officer belonging to any force apart from the NSG itself with the rank of 'Commandant'.

The NSG consists entirely of volunteers on deputation from the Indian Army , the Central Armed Police Forces or the State Police departments of India. NSG commandos are sent back to their parent department after serving with the force after a certain period of time. The Director General of the National Security Guard is an officer from the Indian Police Service.

Women belonging to the Central Armed Police Forces have been serving in the NSG since 2012.[43]

Rank Structure

Officers

Rank group	General / flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
National Security Guard[44]
					Director general -	Additional director general -	Inspector general -		Deputy inspector general -		Group Commander -		Second In Command -		Deputy Commander -		Team Commander -

Enlisted ranks

Rank group	Junior commissioned officers										Non commissioned officer												Enlisted
National Security Guard[44]																													No insignia
	Subedar Major सूबेदार मेजर						Assistant Commander-1 -	Assistant Commander-2 -	Assistant Commander-3 -		Ranger Grade I -												Ranger Grade II -						Combatised tradesmen -

NSG Sniper with a Barrett Model 98B during Republic Day parade in 2021

Selection is demanding and has a drop out rate of about 70–80 percent.[45] The NSG has a 14 month long training course, which spans 3 phases. The eligibility of trainee is assessed in pre selection stage which consists of various tests related to the physical and psychological capabilities of the trainees. A trainee has to meet certain physical, psychological and educational experience related criteria to clear this stage. The second stage- selection and basic training which is conducted at the National Security Guard Academy in Manesar lasts for 3 months and is devoted to the basics. The physical fitness training is believed to have 26 elements, ranging from a cross-country obstacle course to jumping from heights and across divides and scaling different kinds of terrain. One endurance test involves martial arts, target shooting at the end of an obstacle-ridden cross-country run. Such exercises are supposedly meant to assess how the candidate would likely perform under stress and exhaustion. Those who successfully complete the tests are sent for nine months of advanced training.[46]

Advanced training reportedly includes techniques related to hand-to-hand combat, intelligence gathering, demolition, bomb disposal, insertion and reflex shooting. Well publicised training exercises include the 'combat room shoot' where the candidates have to shoot at a target three seconds after entering a dark room with the help of torchlight or a compatible laser image intensifier and 'twin room shooting' where candidates enter contiguous rooms and watch each other's movements on a screen which they have to shoot at to train their response time. Another known exercise requiring candidates to shoot at a target placed next to their buddy is also a part of the Indian Army Special Forces training. Shooting skills are practiced at a 400-metre, 11 zone electronic combat shooting range where candidates are rated on a point scale for covering the distance in 6.30 minutes and firing at 29 different dynamic targets with the target exposure time lying between two and three minutes.[46]

Before being inducted into the NSG, aspirants also have to undergo a rigorous psychological test.[47]

United States

Indian NSG and US(SOF) operator during Tarkash 2023 exercise

Exercise between NSG and United States Army Special Forces, code named Balanced Iroquois, started on 18 October 2015. This three-week long exercise was preceded by a joint airborne-jump at Aero India 2015.[48]

In February 2018, Green Berets from the 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) conducted a joint training exercise with the NSG in Kolkata. The Green Berets learnt some urban warfare strategies from the NSG while the NSG learnt about some advanced equipment of the US soldiers. The drill included intervention techniques, training in the Kolkata Metro system and a drill at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.[49]

In March 2019, the NSG and US 1st Special Forces Group carried joint exercises in Hyderabad.[50][51]

The 6TH edition of the TARKASH exercise between the NSG and the 1st Special Forces Group from January 14 till the end of February 2023.[52][53] In the same year, the NSG and the Green Berets held another training exercise focused on exchange of subject matter expertise related to CBRNe threats at Manesar from June 19 till the end of the month ahead of the G20 meeting in India. The Indian Army was also involved in the exercise.[54]

• The biographical movie Major is a based on the life of Sandeep Unnikrishnan ,a team commander of the 51 Special Action Group who was killed in the line of duty during the NSGs response to the 2008 Mumbai attacks .[65]
• State of Siege: Temple Attack is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language film . It is based on the 2002 Akshardham Temple attack and NSGs subsequent operation to kill the perpetrators.
• State of Siege: 26/11 is a Zee5 web series which presents the 26/11 terror attacks from the viewpoint of NSG commandos responding to the attacks.[66]
• NSG operators are depicted in the 2019 thriller Hotel Mumbai, which is based on the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[67]

• Special Forces of India
• Paramilitary forces of India
• Central Armed Police Forces
• Special Protection Group

• Media related to National Security Guard at Wikimedia Commons