DAX1

DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1) is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the NR0B1 gene (nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1).[5][6][7] The NR0B1 gene is located on the short (p) arm of the X chromosome between bands Xp21.3 and Xp21.2, from base pair 30,082,120 to base pair 30,087,136.

NR0B1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesNR0B1, AHC, AHCH, AHX, DAX-1, DAX1, DSS, GTD, HHG, NROB1, SRXY2, nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 1, Dax1
External IDsOMIM: 300473 MGI: 1352460 HomoloGene: 403 GeneCards: NR0B1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

190

11614

Ensembl

ENSG00000169297

ENSMUSG00000025056

UniProt

P51843

Q61066

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000475

NM_007430

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000466
NP_000466.2

NP_031456

Location (UCSC)Chr X: 30.3 – 30.31 MbChr X: 85.24 – 85.24 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

This gene encodes a protein that lacks the normal DNA-binding domain contained in other nuclear receptors.[8] The encoded protein acts as a dominant-negative regulator of transcription of other nuclear receptors including steroidogenic factor 1.[9] This protein also functions as an anti-testis gene by acting antagonistically to SRY. Mutations in this gene result in both X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.[5]

DAX1 plays an important role in the normal development of several hormone-producing tissues. These tissues include the adrenal glands above each kidney, the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which are located in the brain, and the reproductive structures (the testes and ovaries). DAX1 controls the activity of certain genes in the cells that form these tissues during embryonic development. Proteins that control the activity of other genes are known as transcription factors. DAX1 also plays a role in regulating hormone production in these tissues after they have been formed.

Role in disease

X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is caused by mutations in the NR0B1 gene. More than 90 NR0B1 mutations that cause X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita have been identified. Many of these mutations delete all or part of the NR0B1 gene, preventing the production of DAX1 protein. Some mutations cause the production of an abnormally short protein. Other mutations cause a change in one of the building blocks (amino acids) of DAX1. These mutations are thought to result in a misshapen, nonfunctional protein. Loss of DAX1 function leads to adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,[10] which are the main characteristics of this disorder.

Duplication of genetic material on the X chromosome in the region that contains the NR0B1 gene can cause a condition called dosage-sensitive sex reversal. The extra copy of the NR0B1 gene prevents the formation of male reproductive tissues. People who have this duplication usually appear to be female, but are genetically male with both an X and a Y chromosome.

In some cases, genetic material is deleted from the X chromosome in a region that contains several genes, including NR0B1. This deletion results in a condition called adrenal hypoplasia congenita with complex glycerol kinase deficiency. In addition to the signs and symptoms of adrenal hypoplasia congenita, individuals with this condition may have elevated levels of lipids in their blood and urine and may have problems regulating blood sugar levels. In rare cases, the amount of genetic material deleted is even more extensive and affected individuals also have Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Interactions

DAX1 has been shown to interact with:

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169297 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025056 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "Entrez Gene: NR0B1 nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1".
  6. Walker AP, Chelly J, Love DR, Brush YI, Récan D, Chaussain JL, Oley CA, Connor JM, Yates J, Price DA (Nov 1992). "A YAC contig in Xp21 containing the adrenal hypoplasia congenita and glycerol kinase deficiency genes" (PDF). Human Molecular Genetics. 1 (8): 579–85. doi:10.1093/hmg/1.8.579. PMID 1301166.
  7. Goodfellow PN, Camerino G (Jun 1999). "DAX-1, an 'antitestis' gene". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 55 (6–7): 857–63. doi:10.1007/PL00013201. PMID 10412368. S2CID 19764423.
  8. McCabe ER (Feb 2007). "DAX1: Increasing complexity in the roles of this novel nuclear receptor". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 265–266: 179–82. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.017. PMC 1847396. PMID 17210221.
  9. Iyer AK, McCabe ER (2004). "Molecular mechanisms of DAX1 action". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 83 (1–2): 60–73. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2004.07.018. PMID 15464421.
  10. Tab. 1.1 of Stefan White & Andrew Sinclair: The Molecular Basis of Gonadal Development and Disorders of Sex Development, in: John M. Hutson, Garry L. Warne, & Sonia R. Grover (eds): Disorders of Sex Development. An Integrated Approach to Management, Springer 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-22963-3, e-ISBN 978-3-642-22964-0, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22964-0.
  11. Altincicek B, Tenbaum SP, Dressel U, Thormeyer D, Renkawitz R, Baniahmad A (Mar 2000). "Interaction of the corepressor Alien with DAX-1 is abrogated by mutations of DAX-1 involved in adrenal hypoplasia congenita". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (11): 7662–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.11.7662. PMID 10713076.
  12. Sugawara T, Abe S, Sakuragi N, Fujimoto Y, Nomura E, Fujieda K, Saito M, Fujimoto S (Aug 2001). "RIP 140 modulates transcription of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene through interactions with both SF-1 and DAX-1". Endocrinology. 142 (8): 3570–7. doi:10.1210/endo.142.8.8309. PMID 11459805.
  13. Lopez D, Shea-Eaton W, Sanchez MD, McLean MP (Dec 2001). "DAX-1 represses the high-density lipoprotein receptor through interaction with positive regulators sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1a and steroidogenic factor-1". Endocrinology. 142 (12): 5097–106. doi:10.1210/endo.142.12.8523. PMID 11713202.

Further reading
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