March 1960

The following events occurred in March 1960:

March 25, 1960: Euromast dedicated in Rotterdam
March 24, 1960: Tu-124, first turbojet, debuts
March 5, 1960: Iconic photo of Che Guevara taken by Albert Korda
March 25, 1960: Cromwell's head reburied after 300 years
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March 1, 1960 (Tuesday)

March 2, 1960 (Wednesday)

March 3, 1960 (Thursday)

March 4, 1960 (Friday)
  • At 3:10 pm, the French cargo ship La Coubre, carrying 70 tons of munitions from Belgium, exploded in Havana Harbor while it was being unloaded. A second explosion happened while aid was being rendered. Seventy-six people were killed, all but six of them bystanders, and more than 200 were injured.[8]
  • Born:
  • Died: American opera singer Leonard Warren, 48, suffered a heart attack while performing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.

March 5, 1960 (Saturday)
  • The iconic image of Che Guevara (seen above) was taken by photographer Alberto Korda, who was on assignment from the Cuban government newspaper Revolucion to cover a protest rally the day after the explosion of the freighter La Coubre. The photo attained worldwide popularity in 1968 after Korda gave a copy to Italian publisher Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.[9]
  • Staff Sergeant Elvis Presley was honorably discharged from active service in the United States Army, nearly two years after being drafted into the service on March 24, 1958.[10] After departing from Fort Dix in New Jersey, Presley remained in the U.S. Army reserve for four additional years until completing his military obligations.[11]
  • The Gao-Guenie meteorite, weighing more than one ton, landed near the village of Gao in the African nation of Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso). The sound of the impact was heard 100 kilometres (62 mi) away.[12]

March 6, 1960 (Sunday)
  • President Eisenhower announced that 3,500 American troops would be posted to South Vietnam.[13]
  • President Sukarno of Indonesia dissolved that nation's elected parliament. The legislature would be replaced later that month by a body appointed by Sukarno himself.[14]
  • The Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act took effect. Prior to the amendment, there was no requirement for government approval of additives to food sold in the United States.[15]

March 7, 1960 (Monday)
Kryuchkovsky, Poplavsky, and Ziganshin shortly after being rescued

March 8, 1960 (Tuesday)
  • The New Hampshire primary, first of the nominating primary elections, saw U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy win the state's Democratic Party delegates, and U.S. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon win on the Republican ticket, each with a record number of registered voters from their parties. Other major candidates had declined to participate in New Hampshire. Kennedy defeated Chicago businessman Paul Fisher, 42,969 to 6,784 and Nixon's 65,077 votes were matched by write-ins for four candidates, including 8,428 for New Hampshire Governor Wesley Powell.[21]

March 9, 1960 (Wednesday)
  • The Scribner shunt, a flexible Teflon tube that could be permanently implanted to connect an artery to a vein, was first implanted into a human patient. For the first time, persons with kidney failure could receive dialysis on a regular basis. Prior to the shunt's invention by Dr. Belding H. Scribner, glass tubes had to be inserted into blood vessels every time that dialysis was given. As one observer noted, "Scribner took something that was 100% fatal and overnight turned it into a condition with a 90% survival." The historic operation took place at the University of Washington hospital, and 39-year-old machinist Clyde Shields was the first beneficiary. At the same time, a new issue in bioethics was created, since decisions had to be made about which patients would be selected to receive the lifesaving treatment.[22]
  • The journal Physical Review Letters received the paper "Apparent Weight of Photons" from physicists Robert V. Pound and Glen A. Rebka, Jr., reporting the first successful laboratory measurement of the gravitational redshift of light, described later as a key event in proving the theory of general relativity.[23]
  • Position titles for Project Mercury operational flights were issued. During the flights, 15 major positions were assigned to Mercury Control Center, 15 in the blockhouse and 2 at the launch pad area. The document also specified the duties and responsibilities of each position.[20]
  • Died:
    • Jack Beattie, 75, Northern Ireland Labour Party leader, 1929–33 and 1942–43
    • U.S. Senator Richard L. Neuberger, 47 (D-Ore.). Senator Neuberger was in the final year of his first term. His widow, Maurine Neuberger, had only two days to file as a candidate in the Democratic primary, and was elected as U.S. Senator in 1960, serving until 1967.[24]

March 10, 1960 (Thursday)
  • The first mitral valve replacement was performed on a 16-year-old girl, who had implanted in her a prosthesis, made of polyurethane and Dacron, and designed by Drs. Nina Braunwald and Andrew Morrow. The girl survived the operation, but died 60 hours later. The next day, a 44-year-old woman received the valve and made a full recovery eight weeks later.[25]
  • The first implantation of the caged ball heart valve, developed by Drs. Dwight E. Harken and William C. Birtwell, was made on Mary Richardson, who survived for 30 years after the surgery.[26]
  • Eight people were pulled alive from the rubble of Agadir, ten days after the deadly earthquake that had killed 12,000 people in Morocco.[27]

March 11, 1960 (Friday)

March 12, 1960 (Saturday)
  • At the age of 21, Prince Constantine Bereng Seeiso of Basutoland (later Lesotho) formally became the Paramount Chief, and, upon the African nation's independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho. He reigned until his death in an auto accident in 1996.[29]

March 13, 1960 (Sunday)

March 14, 1960 (Monday)

March 15, 1960 (Tuesday)
  • Government forces in Masan, South Korea, arrested students protesting against rigged elections. Although President Syngman Rhee's re-election to a fourth term had been ensured when his opponent died of an illness, separate elections for Vice-President would determine the 85-year-old Rhee's successor. With the aid of government measures, including the stuffing of ballot boxes, Rhee's running mate, Lee Ki Poong, officially received 79.2% of the votes in what was expected to be a close race against opponent Chang Myun. Over the next weeks, students in other cities followed the example of Masan, and Rhee was forced to resign.[35]
  • In Geneva, the first session of the Ten Nation Committee on Disarmament was held.[36]
  • Police in Orangeburg, South Carolina arrested 389 African-American protesters who had converged upon the town's lunch counters at the noon hour.[37][38] Meanwhile, in Atlanta, 77 students were arrested after beginning sit-ins at government offices.[39]
  • West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer met at the White House with U.S. President Eisenhower to discuss the Berlin crisis.[40]

March 16, 1960 (Wednesday)
  • Robert Sobukwe, leader of the Pan Africanist Congress, gave advance notice to South Africa's police commissioner that, beginning on March 21, the PAC would stage five days of non-violent protests against national laws that required all black South Africans to carry passes. What was intended as a peaceful demonstration would become the Sharpeville Massacre.[41]
  • Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless was released in four Paris cinemas. The movie, the directorial debut for Goddard and starring actor Jean-Paul Belmondo in his first lead role, reached the top of the box-office in France in the first week. Belmondo would repeat the public success the following week, with Consider all risks.[42]
  • In Argentina, due to a wave of terrorism (330 attacks and 21 victims in five months), President Arturo Frondizi took severe measures against the Peronist opposition. Hundreds of Peronist militants were arrested (including former Foreign Minister Ildefonso Cavagna Martinez), and martial law was decreed against the terrorists.[43]
  • At a cave in Starved Rock State Park near Ottawa, Illinois, the bodies of three women were found. All three, residents of Riverside, Illinois, and the wealthy wives of Chicago business executives, had been beaten to death two days before, during an afternoon of birdwatching. A dishwasher at the park later confessed to killing the women after attempting to rob them.[44][45] Chester Weger, convicted of the murder, was sentenced to life imprisonment, and would remain incarcerated until being paroled in 2020.[46]
  • Born:
  • Died: Gérard Saint, 24, French cyclist, died in a car accident in Le Mans.

March 17, 1960 (Thursday)
  • Following a 2:30 meeting at the White House with Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell of the CIA, U.S. President Eisenhower authorized the agency to train and equip Cuban exiles to overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro, an operation which would become, in 1961, the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[48][49]
  • Northwest Airlines Flight 710 crashed, killing all 63 people on board. The wings fell off the Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop airplane at an altitude of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) while the flight was en route from Chicago to Miami, and crashed into a soybean field near Cannelton, Indiana at 4:20 p.m., leaving a 12-foot-deep (3.7 m) crater.[50][51]
  • Sculptor Jean Tinguely introduced the first piece of "autodestructive art" at New York's Museum of Modern Art. Homage to New York, composed of bicycle wheels and motors, was activated at 6:30 pm and destroyed itself within an hour.[52]
  • Gina Lollobrigida declared to the press that she and her husband Milko Skofic would leave Italy for Canada. They meant to solve the legal situation of their son Andrea Milko, considered stateless by the Italian bureaucracy.[53]
  • Born: Pietro Scalia, Italian-born American film editor and Academy Award winner known for JFK and Black Hawk Down; in Catania.

March 18, 1960 (Friday)
The Snark

March 19, 1960 (Saturday)
  • A portion of the Great Wall of China was opened for visitors after repairs that had first been suggested in 1952 by Guo Moruo, an official in the Communist Chinese government. The section near Badaling was originally set aside for visits by foreign diplomats, and its first guest was Nepal's Foreign Minister. In 1972, television viewers in the West would see the wall at Badaling during a visit by President Nixon of the United States, and the area is now open to tourists.[57]
  • In parliamentary elections in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the Ceylon Democratic Party headed by Prime Minister Wijayananda Dahanayake was voted out of its majority. The United National Party of Ceylon formed a new government, and Dudley Senanayake became the new Premier.[58]
  • In La Paz, Bolivia, the far-right movement Bolivian Socialist Falange attempted an insurrection, led by the colonel of the carabineers Hermogenes Rio Ledezma. The Bolivian president Hermàn Siles Zuazo reacted firmly; at sunset, the riot was quelled, and Rio Ledezma was forced to flee.[59]
  • An agreement between the United States and Spain on the Project Mercury tracking station in the Canary Islands was announced.[20]
  • Ohio State University won the NCAA basketball championship by upsetting the defending champion, the University of California, 75–55.[60]
  • The University of Denver won the 1960 NCAA ice hockey championship, 5–3 over Michigan Tech, after John MacMillan scored two goals in the final 63 seconds of the game.[61]
  • Dallas Rangers general manager Tex Schramm announced that the new NFL team was going to change its name to avoid a conflict with the minor league baseball team of the same name. "It seems Dallas is becoming big league in baseball as well as in football", Schram said, "and since both 'Rangers' will be around here for a long time, and since the baseball club had the name first, we're changing ours." The new name selected was the Dallas Cowboys.[62]

March 20, 1960 (Sunday)
Governor Collins
  • LeRoy Collins, the Governor of Florida, surprised the state and the rest of the world in a televised speech. Though he had been a defender of Florida's segregation laws, Governor Collins endorsed the goal of sit-in demonstrations to allow African-Americans to eat at lunch counters. "People have told me that our racial strife could be eliminated if the colored people would just stay in their place," said the Governor, "but friends, we can never stop Americans from struggling to be free."[63]
  • The Soviet Union's Council of Ministers adopted Resolution 241, directing urgent government funding for the oil exploration in western Siberia.[64]
  • Born: Norm Magnusson, American artist, founder of "funism"

March 21, 1960 (Monday)
  • The Sharpeville Massacre began at 1:20 p.m. when white police at the South African township of Sharpeville fired their guns into a crowd of unarmed black protesters, killing 69 people and wounding 180. Subsequent investigations would determine that two policemen had fired their guns, and that 50 others then began shooting into the crowd as they fled. Within 40 seconds, 705 rounds were fired. Of 155 bullets extracted from the dead and wounded, only 30 were frontal entry wounds. Most of the victims had been shot in the back as they ran. Of the dead, 31 were women, and 19 were children.[65] Since the end of white minority rule, South Africa observes Human Rights Day annually on March 21.
  • In Buenos Aires, Ricardo Klement brought a bouquet of flowers to his wife at their home at 16 Garibaldi Street, confirming to Mossad agents that the Argentine businessman was, as they suspected, Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann. The Israeli intelligence service was aware that Eichmann had married on March 21, 1935, while Eichmann was unaware that he had been found after 15 years on the run. The architect of Germany's "Final Solution" genocide, Eichmann eluded capture after the end of World War II. In May, he would be abducted and brought to Israel to stand trial.[66]
  • Born: Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver, three time Formula One champion; in São Paulo (died 1994 at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix)
  • Died: Polly Thomson, 75, American therapist who served as the interpreter for Helen Keller after the death of Anne Sullivan in 1936.

March 22, 1960 (Tuesday)

March 23, 1960 (Wednesday)
  • In Paris, Soviet Premier and Communist Party General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev began a ten-day state visit to France and was welcomed at the Orly airport by French President Charles de Gaulle welcomes him. The welcome by the Parisians to the guest is mainly cordial, but with some anticommunist protest.[68]
  • Abel Bonnard, who had served as the Minister of Education in the Vichy government of France during the Nazi German occupation in World War II, returned from exile in Spain to his home nation, hoping for rehabilitation of his reputation and forgiveness of his 1945 death sentence in absentia. The death sentence was commuted to the symbolic punishment of "ten years of exile already served" but Bonnard's expulsion from the Academie Francaise was not changed.[69]
  • Marty Dalton, who had been an inmate of the Rhode Island State Prison in Cranston, Rhode Island for almost 63 years since his 1897 arrest for the murder of a New York businessman, died at the prison infirmary. Dalton had refused parole in 1930 after serving 33 years. After a two-hour tour of the outside world, he asked to stay because the prison was his only home.[70][71]
  • The city of La Mirada, California, was incorporated as "Mirada Hills".
  • Born: Nicol Stephen, Leader of Scottish Liberal Democrats, from 2005 to 2008; in Aberdeen
  • Died:

March 24, 1960 (Thursday)

March 25, 1960 (Friday)

March 26, 1960 (Saturday)
  • In Brazil, the Oros Dam on the Jaguaribe River in the state of Ceará, nearing completion, collapsed because of torrential rains and inundated the city of Jaguaribe and the village of Mapua, both of which had been evacuated earlier.[77] The Brazilian Army had evacuated 100,000 people from the river valley starting on March 22.[78] While thousands of people were left homeless, the death toll from the damburst was 32 people.[79]
  • At the 12-hour endurance event at Sebring, Florida, race car driver Jim Hughes lost control of his car 23 minutes after the start, and his car rolled over onto George Thompson, a photographer for the Tampa Tribune. Both men were killed. Olivier Gendebien, who had alternated with Hans Hermann, won the race.[80]
  • The Minneapolis Lakers played their last NBA game, losing in Game 7 of the Western Conference playoffs, 97–86, to the St. Louis Hawks. The Lakers would move to Los Angeles during the off-season.[81]
  • Various Ku Klux Klan groups burned crosses along highways in Alabama and South Carolina, apparently in retaliation for sit-ins by African-Americans at lunch counters.[82][83]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Dr. Emil Grubbe, 85, the first person to be injured by radiation. After following Roentgen's work in x-rays in 1895, Grubbe underwent 93 operations for radiation-induced cancer on his hands and face.
    • Ian Keith, 61, American film actor

March 27, 1960 (Sunday)

March 28, 1960 (Monday)

March 29, 1960 (Tuesday)
  • The New York Times ran a full-page advertisement on page L25, with the heading "Heed Their Rising Voices". Part of the ad referred to disturbances in Montgomery, Alabama, and described actions by that city's police. One of the three City Commissioners of Montgomery, L.B. Sullivan, would bring a suit against the Times for libel and get a $500,000 judgment in an Alabama court. From the controversy came a landmark United States Supreme Court ruling in New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).[88]
  • Dr. Melvin A. Cook received the first patent for a water-based explosive product. Water gel, slurry, and emulsion explosives are less sensitive to impact and shock and safer than dynamite and are primarily used in industrial applications.[89]
  • NASA Headquarters decided that the spacecraft prelaunch operation facility at Huntsville, Alabama, was no longer required. Spacecraft designated for Mercury-Redstone missions were to be shipped directly from McDonnell to Cape Canaveral, thereby gaining approximately 2 months in the launch schedule.[20]

March 30, 1960 (Wednesday)
  • A state of emergency was proclaimed in South Africa by Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd at 3:00 a.m., nine days after the Sharpeville Massacre, and the government began arresting dissidents.[90] On the same day, thirty thousand black South Africans marched through Cape Town in protest of the internal passport law required for non-white South Africans, as well as the massacre, and the arrest of black leaders.[91]
  • In the United States, 5,000 black Americans marched through Baton Rouge, the state capital of Louisiana, in protest against discrimination at lunch counters and arrests of protesters by the police.[92]
  • Died: Jamil Mardam Bey, 65, former Prime Minister of Syria

March 31, 1960 (Thursday)

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  5. "Lucy Weeps On Set; She'll Divorce Desi", Oakland Tribune, March 4, 1960, p1
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  80. "Napa Racer and Cameraman Killed". Oakland Tribune. March 26, 1960. p. 1.
  81. "Hawks Whip Lakers for Final Playoff Berth". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. March 27, 1960. p. 3-1.
  82. "KKK Crosses Burn In Two States". Oakland Tribune. March 28, 1960. p. 32.
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  87. "Rep. Russell Mack Collapses, Dies". Oakland Tribune. March 28, 1960. p. 1.
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  92. "5,000 Negro Students In Protest", Oakland Tribune, March 30, 1960, p1
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