Lycodes

Lycodes is a genus of zoarcid fish in the subfamily Lycodinae.[1][3] It is the most species-rich genus in its taxonomic family as well as in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent waters. They occupy both shallow waters and deeper waters down to 3000 meters. A few species can occur in brackish waters.[4]

Lycodes
Lycodes turneri
Lycodes vahlii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes
Family: Zoarcidae
Subfamily: Lycodinae
Genus: Lycodes
J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831[1]
Type species
Lycodes vahlii
Reinhardtm, 1831[2]
Synonyms[2]

Taxonomy

Lycodes was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1831 by the Danish zoologist Johan Reinhard when he described Lycodes vahlii,[2] which he described from off Greenland.[1] The genus is classified in the subfamily Lycodinae, one of four subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts.[5] Four species, L. albonotata, L. teraoi, L. toyamensis and L. toyamesnsis are classified within the genus Petroschmidtia by some authorities.[6]

Etymology

Lycodes means "having the form of a wolf", being a combination of lykos meaning "wolf" and oides meaning "similar to". Reinhardt though the teeth were similar to those of Anarhichas lupus and thought that the two taxa were closely related.[7]

Species
Saddled eelpout

Currently, 64 species are placed in this genus, divided into two subgenera:[3][7]

  • Subgenus Lycodes J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831
    • Lycodes adolfi J. G. Nielsen & Fosså, 1993 (Adolf's eelpout)
    • Lycodes akuugun D. E. Stevenson & J. W. Orr, 2006
    • Lycodes albolineatus Andriashev, 1955 (whitebar eelpout)
    • Lycodes albonotatus (Taranetz & Andriashev, 1934)
    • Lycodes bathybius P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
    • Lycodes brevipes T. H. Bean, 1890 (shortfin eelpout)
    • Lycodes brunneofasciatus Suvorov, 1935 (tawnystripe eelpout)
    • Lycodes caudimaculatus Matsubara, 1936
    • Lycodes concolor T. N. Gill & Townsend, 1897 (ebony eelpout)
    • Lycodes cortezianus (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (bigfin eelpout)
    • Lycodes esmarkii Collett, 1875 (greater eelpout)
    • Lycodes eudipleurostictus A. S. Jensen, 1902 (doubleline eelpout)
    • Lycodes fasciatus (P. Y. Schmidt, 1904) (banded eelpout)
    • Lycodes frigidus Collett, 1879 (glacial eelpout)
    • Lycodes fulvus Toyoshima, 1985
    • Lycodes gracilis M. Sars, 1867
    • Lycodes heinemanni Soldatov, 1916
    • Lycodes japonicus Matsubara & Iwai, 1951
    • Lycodes jenseni Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
    • Lycodes jugoricus Knipowitsch, 1906 (Shulupaoluk)
    • Lycodes lavalaei Vladykov & Tremblay, 1936 (Newfoundland eelpout)
    • Lycodes luetkenii Collett, 1880 (Lütken's eelpout)
    • Lycodes macrochir P. Y. Schmidt, 1937
    • Lycodes macrolepis Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
    • Lycodes marisalbi Knipowitsch, 1906 (white sea eelpout)
    • Lycodes matsubarai Toyoshima, 1985
    • Lycodes mcallisteri Peter Rask Møller, 2001 (McAllister's eelpout)
    • Lycodes microlepidotus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
    • Lycodes microporus Toyoshima, 1983
    • Lycodes mucosus J. Richardson, 1855 (saddled eelpout)
    • Lycodes obscurus Toyoshima, 1985
    • Lycodes ocellatus Toyoshima, 1985
    • Lycodes paamiuti Møller, 2001 (Paamiut eelpout)
    • Lycodes pacificus Collett, 1879 (blackbelly eelpout)
    • Lycodes palearis C. H. Gilbert, 1896 (wattled eelpout)
    • Lycodes pallidus Collett, 1879 (pale eelpout)
    • Lycodes paucilepidotus Toyoshima, 1985
    • Lycodes polaris (E. Sabine, 1824) (Canadian eelpout)
    • Lycodes raridens Taranetz & Andriashev, 1937 (marbled eelpout)
    • Lycodes reticulatus J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1835 (Arctic eelpout)
    • Lycodes rossi Malmgren, 1865 (threespot eelpout)
    • Lycodes sadoensis Toyoshima & Honma, 1980
    • Lycodes sagittarius D. E. McAllister, 1976 (archer eelpout)
    • Lycodes schmidti Gratzianov, 1907
    • Lycodes semenovi (Popov, 1931)
    • Lycodes seminudus J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1837 (longear eelpout)
    • Lycodes sigmatoides Lindberg & Krasyukova, 1975
    • Lycodes soldatovi Taranetz & Andriashev, 1935
    • Lycodes squamiventer A. S. Jensen, 1904 (scalebelly eelpout)
    • Lycodes tanakae D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914
    • Lycodes teraoi Katayama, 1943
    • Lycodes terraenovae Collett, 1896 (Newfoundland eelpout, Atlantic eelpout)
    • Lycodes toyamensis (Katayama, 1941)
    • Lycodes turneri T. H. Bean, 1879 (polar eelpout)
    • Lycodes uschakovi Popov, 1931
    • Lycodes vahlii J. C. H. Reinhardt, 1831 (Vahl's eelpout)
    • Lycodes yamatoi Toyoshima, 1985
    • Lycodes ygreknotatus P. Y. Schmidt, 1950
  • Subgenus Furcimanus Jordan & Evermann, 1898
    • Lycodes beringi Andriashev 1935
    • Lycodes diapterus Gilbert, 1892
    • Lycodes hubbsi Matsubara, 1955
    • Lycodes nakamurae (Tanaka, 1914)
    • Lycodes nishimurai Shinohara & Shirai, 2005
    • Lycodes pectoralis Toyoshima, 1985

Description

The genus is characterized by one autapomorphy: submental crests, the more or less pronounced cartilage extensions on the lower jaws. Within the genus, one clade has been identified, the "short-tailed" Lycodes that are associated with shallower depths (0–1200 m) than the long-tailed species (3–3000 m). Short tail might represent an adaptation to shallow, Arctic waters; the clade includes many Arctic endemics. In contrast, the long-tailed species do not form a monophyletic group. Coloration of all short-tailed Lycodes includes some sorts of stripes, marks, or reticulations, while the long-tailed species are uniformly brownish, striped, or spotted.[4]

Ecology

Lycodes are bottom-dwelling fish with a relatively stationary life style. The eggs are benthic, few in number (<2000) and large in size (as large as 10 mm (0.4 in)).[4]

References
  1. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lycodes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  2. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lycodinae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  3. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2018). Species of Lycodes in FishBase. June 2018 version.
  4. Møller, Peter R. & Gravlund, Peter (2003). "Phylogeny of the eelpout genus Lycodes (Pisces, Zoarcidae) as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rDNA". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 369–388. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00362-7. PMID 12644398.
  5. Anderson , M. E. and V. V . Fedorov (2004). "Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 34.
  6. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Petroschmidtia". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  7. Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (6 May 2022). "Order Perciformes Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family: Zoarcidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
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