List of Khitan rulers

The Khitan people (Khitan small script: ; Chinese: 契丹; pinyin: Qìdān) were a historical para-Mongolic nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East. As a people they descended from the proto-Mongols through the Xianbei.[1]

The period of the Ancient Eight Tribes

Hechen (何辰) a Khitan chieftain (baghatur) (契丹莫弗贺) (ca.470)
Mer-gan (Hanzi : 勿于 pinyin : Wuyu) another baghatur (ca. 479)
Duomi Khagan (多彌可汗) (ca. 585)

The Dahe Tribal Confederation (618-730) (大賀氏)

Governor-general of Songmo (松漠都督)

Name of the clan		(Khitan or granted Chinese) First name		Period of reign
Chinese characters	Westernized	Chinese characters	Westernized	Period of reign
大賀氏	Dahe	咄羅/咄罗	Duoluo	618/622-627
大賀氏	Dahe	摩會/摩会	Mohui	627-644
大賀氏	Dahe	窟哥	(Li) Kuge	644-653/658
Unknown	Unknown	阿不固/阿卜固	Abugu	653/658-660
Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	660-675
大賀氏	Dahe	李盡忠	Li Jinzhong	675-696
内稽氏	Neiji tribe	孫萬榮	Sun Wanrong	696-697
大賀氏	Dahe	李失活	(Li) Shihuo	697-717
大賀氏	Dahe	李娑固	(Li) Suogu	718-720
大賀氏	Dahe	(李鬱干)/鬱于/郁于	(Li) (Yugan)/Yuyu	720-722/724
大賀氏	Dahe	(李吐干)/吐于	(Li) (Tugan)/Tuyu	722/724-725
大賀氏	Dahe	李邵固	(Li) Shaogu	725-730

Prefecture of Xuanzhou (玄州)

Khitans tribes who did not belong to the Dahe confederation but living at the same period

Name of the clan		(Khitan or granted Chinese) First name		Period of reign
Chinese characters	Westernized	Chinese characters	Westernized	Period of reign
		(李)去閭	(Li) Qulü
		據曲/曲據	Juqu /Quju	646-648

Other Khitan chieftains (酋長)

Tanmozhe (貪沒折) (ca. 630)

The Yaonian Tribal Confederation (730-906) (遥辇氏)

The supreme chieftain of the Khitan (khagans)

Title name		(Khitan or granted Chinese) First name		Period of reign
Chinese characters	Westernized	Chinese characters	Westernized	Period of reign
洼可汗	Wa khaghan	屈列	Julü (Qulie)	730-734
北平郡王	Prince of Beiping	过折/過折	(Li) Guozhe	735
阻午可汗	Zuwu Khagan	遥辇俎里 (李懷節/李怀秀/李懷秀)	Dinian Zuli Li Huaixiu/Li Huaijie	735-745
胡剌可汗	Hula khaghan	楷洛/楷落	Kailuo	746-778
苏可汗/蘇可汗	Su khaghan	Unknown	Unknown	778-800
巴刺可汗	Bala khaghan	Unknown	Unknown	800-820
昭古可汗	Zhaogu khaghan	Unknown	Unknown	820-842
耶谰可汗	Yelan khaghan	屈戌	Qushu	842-860
鮮質可汗	Xianzhi khaghan	習爾	Xi'er /Xi'erzhi	860-882
痕德廑可汗	Hendeji khaghan	钦德/欽德	Qinde	882-906

Liao dynasty (916-1125)

There were nine emperors of the Liao dynasty, which at its height ruled over an area composing modern day Mongolia and northern China for over two hundred years. The emperors of the Liao dynasty were Khitans from Yelü clan.

Liao Dynasty 916-1125
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)	Birth Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ)	Shen Tian Huangdi	Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī)	916-926	Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922[2] Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926[3]
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	Xiao Wu Huangdi	Yelü Deguang (耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng)	926-947	Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926-937[4] Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 937-947[5] Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947[6]
Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng)	Tian Shou Huangdi	Yelü Ruan (耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn)	947-951	Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951[7]
Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng)		Yelü Jing (耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng)	951-969	Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969[8]
Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng)		Yelü Xian (耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián)	969-982	Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979[9] Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982[10]
Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng)	Wen Wu Da Xiao Xuan Huangdi	Yelü Longxu (耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù)	982-1031	Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982[10] Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012[11] Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021[12] Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031[13]
Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng)	Xiao Zheng Huangdi	Yelü Zongzhen (耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn)	1031–1055	Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032[14] Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055[15]
Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng)		Yelü Hongji (耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī)	1055–1101	Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064[16] Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074[17] Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084[18] Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094[19] Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101[20]
	Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)	Yelü Yanxi (耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ)	1101–1125	Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110[21] Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120[22] Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125[23]

Qara Khitai/Western Liao (1124-1218)

Sovereigns of Qara Khitai 1124-1218
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)	Birth Names	Convention	Period of Reign	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years
Dezong (德宗 Dézōng)	Tianyouwuliedi (天祐武烈帝 Tiānyòuwǔlièdì)	Yelü Dashi (耶律大石 Yēlǜ Dàshí or 耶律達實 Yēlǜ Dáshí) ¹	use birth name	1124-1144	Yanqing (延慶 Yánqìng) 1124 or 1125-1134 Kangguo (康國 Kāngguó) 1134-1144
Did not exist	Gantianhou (感天后 Gǎntiānhòu)	Tabuyan (塔不煙 Tǎbùyān)	"Xi Liao" + posthumous name	1144-1150	Xianqing (咸清 Xiánqīng) 1144-1150
Emperor Renzong of Western Liao (仁宗 Rénzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Yilie (耶律夷列 Yēlǜ Yíliè)	"Xi Liao" + temple name	1150-1164	Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) or Xuxing (Xùxīng 續興)² 1150-1164
Did not exist	Chengtianhou (承天后 Chéngtiānhòu)	Yelü Pusuwan (耶律普速完 Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán)	"Xi Liao" + posthumous name	1164-1178	Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164-1178
Did not exist	Mozhu (末主 Mòzhǔ) or Modi (末帝 Mòdì)	Yelü Zhilugu (耶律直魯古 Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ)	use birth name	1178-1211	Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī) 1178-1218
Did not exist	Did not exist	Kuchlug (Ch. 屈出律 Qūchūlǜ)	use birth name	1211-1218
1 "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests. 2 Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[24]

Qutlugh-Khanid dynasty

Remarks

The family name Li is a "rewarded" name being similar to the Emperor's name Li of the Tang dynasty.

References

"China's Liao Dynasty". Asia Society.
Bo (1977) 842-845.
Bo (1977), pp. 845-849.
Bo (1977), pp. 849-856.
Bo (1977), pp. 856-863.
Bo (1977), p. 863.
Bo (1977), pp. 863-867.
Bo (1977), pp. 867-879.
Bo (1977), pp. 879-882.
Bo (1977), pp. 882-883.
Bo (1977), pp. 883-893.
Bo (1977), pp. 893-895.
Bo (1977), pp. 895-896.
Bo (1977), p. 896.
Bo (1977), pp. 896-905.
Bo (1977), pp. 905-908.
Bo (1977), pp. 908-913.
Bo (1977), pp. 913-917.
Bo (1977), pp. 918-921.
Bo (1977), pp. 922-927.
Bo (1977), pp. 927-929.
Bo (1977), pp. 929-932.
Bo (1977), pp. 933-935.
Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.

External links

Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages.

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[1] "China's Liao Dynasty". Asia Society.

[2] Bo (1977) 842-845.

[3] Bo (1977), pp. 845-849.

[4] Bo (1977), pp. 849-856.

[5] Bo (1977), pp. 856-863.

[6] Bo (1977), p. 863.

[7] Bo (1977), pp. 863-867.

[8] Bo (1977), pp. 867-879.

[9] Bo (1977), pp. 879-882.

[Bo882-883-10] Bo (1977), pp. 882-883.

[11] Bo (1977), pp. 883-893.

[12] Bo (1977), pp. 893-895.

[13] Bo (1977), pp. 895-896.

[14] Bo (1977), p. 896.

[15] Bo (1977), pp. 896-905.

[16] Bo (1977), pp. 905-908.

[17] Bo (1977), pp. 908-913.

[18] Bo (1977), pp. 913-917.

[19] Bo (1977), pp. 918-921.

[20] Bo (1977), pp. 922-927.

[21] Bo (1977), pp. 927-929.

[22] Bo (1977), pp. 929-932.

[23] Bo (1977), pp. 933-935.

[24] Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.