List of lemur species

Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primate in the world, Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 grams (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the indri, which can weigh as much as 9.5 kilograms (21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2010, five families, 15 genera, and 101 species and subspecies of lemur were formally recognized.[1] From 2000 through 2008, 39 new species were described and nine other taxa resurrected.[2] By 2014, the number of species plus subspecies recognized had increased to 113; of the 105 species then known, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near threatened, three as least concern and four as data deficient; two were yet to be evaluated.

Ring-tailed kawanu resting with hands on wooden branch
The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is one of over 100 recognized species of lemur, all found only in Madagascar

The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues.[2] There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, with some experts preferring an estimated 50 lemur species.[3] The debates are likely to continue, as some scholars label the explosive growth of species numbers as taxonomic inflation. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used.[4] In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 70% of all species were either endangered or critically endangered as of 2014, most have yet to be extensively studied, and nearly all populations are in decline. For these reasons, taxonomists and conservationists favor splitting them into separate species to develop an effective strategy for the conservation of the full range of lemur diversity.[2] Implicitly, this means that full species status will help grant genetically distinct populations added environmental protection.

At least 17 species and eight genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar.[5][6] All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to 200 kg (22 to 441 lb). The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant sloth lemur, which weighed more than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to predation by humans and possibly habitat destruction.[5] Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans.[5] Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.[5]

There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs.[5] As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment, extinctions are likely to continue.

Taxonomic classification
Main article: Taxonomy of lemurs

Lemurs are classified under eight families, three of which are extinct:

Three images of silky sifakas: First (left) of mother clinging vertically to small tree with two infants holding on to her chest; second (upper right) of adult turning head to look at camera; and third (bottom right) of adult beginning leap from one tree to another, with one hand extended in the direction it is moving
The silky sifaka, one of the most endangered primates in the world
Mouse lemur perched on branch
Mouse lemurs are the smallest primates in the world
Bamboo lemur perched on a horizontal piece of bamboo
As of 2014 there are 5 species and 3 subspecies of bamboo lemurs recognized

The placement of lemurs within the order Strepsirrhini is currently under debate, although both sides agree upon the same phylogenetic tree.[7]

Key
Scientific name Latin binomial name, or Latin name, of the species
Common name Common name of the species, per Wilson, et al. Mammal Species of the World (2005) or Mittermeier, et al. "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (2008)
Family Family within the Suborder Strepsirrhini to which the species belongs
Classified Date in which the species was formally described and classified, as well as the binomial authority on the species
Average size Average size of adult members of the species, in metric and English weight units
Estimated size Estimated Average size of adult members of the extinct species
Conservation status Conservation status of the species, per IUCN as of 2008

Extant species
Main article: Lemur

All lemurs belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini within the order Primates. The 101 extant species and subspecies are divided among 5 families and 15 genera. They range in weight from 30 g (1.1 oz) (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur) to as much as 9.5 kg (21 lb) (indri). Most are highly arboreal and activity patterns range widely from nocturnal to diurnal to cathemeral. Having diversified over millions of years to fill every ecological niche, diets also vary widely, though fruit, leaves, and insects make up the majority of the diet for most species.

Family: Cheirogaleidae

Family Cheirogaleidae consists of the mouse lemurs (smallest of all primates), the dwarf lemurs, and the fork-marked lemurs and their allies. There are 37 extant species.

Gray mouse lemur perched on a wood rod in a wire cage
The gray mouse lemur is one of as many as 21 tiny, nocturnal mouse lemur species
Lemur with black stripes over its eyes clings to a vertical tree branch.
Fork-marked lemurs are among the largest of the cheirogaleids
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Allocebus trichotis Hairy-eared dwarf lemur 1875, Günther 65–90 g (2.3–3.2 oz)
Endangered		 [2][8][9][10]
Cheirogaleus andysabini Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur 2015, Lei et al. 282 ± 61 g (9.9 ± 2.2 oz)
Endangered		 [11][12]
Cheirogaleus crossleyi Furry-eared dwarf lemur 1870, A. Grandidier 250–500 g (8.8–17.6 oz)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][13][14][15][16]
Cheirogaleus grovesi Groves' dwarf lemur 2017, McLain et al. 410 g (14 oz)
Data Deficient		 [17][18]
Cheirogaleus lavasoensis Lavasoa dwarf lemur 2013, Thiele et al. 300 g (11 oz)
Endangered		 [19][20]
Cheirogaleus major Greater dwarf lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 350–400 g (12–14 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][21][22][23]
Cheirogaleus medius Fat-tailed dwarf lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 120–270 g (4.2–9.5 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][24][25][26]
Cheirogaleus minusculus Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur 2000, Groves unknown Not Evaluated [2][27][28][29]
Cheirogaleus shethi Ankarana dwarf lemur 2016, Frasier et al. 115 ± 11 g (4.06 ± 0.39 oz)
Endangered		 [30][31]
Cheirogaleus sibreei Sibree's dwarf lemur 1896, Forsyth Major unknown
Critically Endangered		 [2][32][33][34]
Microcebus arnholdi Arnhold's mouse lemur 2008, E. Lewis, Jr. et al. 49.7 g (1.75 oz)
Vulnerable		 [35][36]
Microcebus berthae Madame Berthe's mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 30 g (1.1 oz)
Critically Endangered		 [2][37][38][39]
Microcebus bongolavensis Bongolava mouse lemur 2007, Olivieri et al. 54 g (1.9 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][40][41]
Microcebus boraha Boraha mouse lemur 2016, Hotaling et al.
Data Deficient		 [42][43]
Microcebus danfossi Danfoss' mouse lemur 2007, Olivieri et al. 63 g (2.2 oz)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][44][45]
Microcebus ganzhorni Ganzhorn's mouse lemur 2016, Hotaling et al.
Endangered		 [42][46]
Microcebus gerpi Gerp's mouse lemur 2012, Radespiel et al. 68 g (2.4 oz)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [47][48]
Microcebus griseorufus Reddish-gray mouse lemur 1910, Kollman 46–79 g (1.6–2.8 oz)
Least Concern		 [2][49][50][51]
Microcebus jollyae Jolly's mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 60 g (2.1 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][52]
Microcebus lehilahytsara Goodman's mouse lemur 2005, Roos and Kappeler 45–48 g (1.6–1.7 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][53][54]
Microcebus macarthurii MacArthur's mouse lemur 2008, Radespiel et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][55]
Microcebus mamiratra Claire's mouse lemur 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. 61 g (2.2 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][56][57]
Microcebus manitatra Manitatra mouse lemur 2016, Hotaling et al.
Critically Endangered		 [42][58]
Microcebus margotmarshae Margot Marsh's mouse lemur 2006, Andriantompohavana et al. 41 g (1.4 oz)
Endangered		 [35][59]
Microcebus marohita Marohita mouse lemur 2013, Rasoloarison et al. 89 g (3.1 oz)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [60][61]
Microcebus mittermeieri Mittermeier's mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 40 g (1.4 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][62][63]
Microcebus murinus Gray mouse lemur 1777, Miller 60 g (2.1 oz) Not Evaluated [2][64][65][66]
Microcebus myoxinus Pygmy mouse lemur 1852, Peters 43–55 g (1.5–1.9 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][67][68][69]
Microcebus ravelobensis Golden-brown mouse lemur 1998, Zimmerman et al. 56–87 g (2.0–3.1 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][70][71][72]
Microcebus rufus Brown mouse lemur 1834, É. Geoffroy 40–50 g (1.4–1.8 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][73][74][75]
Microcebus sambiranensis Sambirano mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 38–50 g (1.3–1.8 oz)
Endangered		 [2][76][77][78]
Microcebus simmonsi Simmons' mouse lemur 2006, Louis et al. 78 g (2.8 oz)[d] Not Evaluated [2][79]
Microcebus tanosi Anosy mouse lemur 2013, Rasoloarison et al. unknown
Endangered		 [60][80]
Microcebus tavaratra Northern rufous mouse lemur 2000, Rasoloarison et al. 45–77 g (1.6–2.7 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][81][82][83]
Mirza coquereli Coquerel's giant mouse lemur 1867, A. Grandidier 300–320 g (11–11 oz)
Endangered		 [2][84][85][86]
Mirza zaza Northern giant mouse lemur 2005, Kappeler & Roos 287–299 g (10.1–10.5 oz)
Vulnerable		 [2][87][88]
Phaner electromontis Amber Mountain fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][89][90][91][92]
Phaner furcifer Masoala fork-marked lemur 1839, Blainville 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][89][93][94][95]
Phaner pallescens Pale fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 330 g (12 oz)
Endangered		 [2][96][97][98]
Phaner parienti Pariente's fork-marked lemur 1991, Groves and Tattersall 350–500 g (12–18 oz)[d]
Endangered		 [2][89][90][99][100]

Family: Lemuridae

Family Lemuridae consists of the ring-tailed lemur, the brown lemurs, the bamboo lemurs and the ruffed lemurs. There are 21 extant species and six subspecies.

Two red-fronted lemurs wrapped around each other on a tree limb
The red-fronted lemur, like other brown lemurs, is sexually dichromatic (the sexes have different colorations)
Close-up of five ring-tailed lemurs, four shown clearly; 2 grooming, 1 sunning, and 1 looking at the camera
The ring-tailed lemur is highly social and is the most popularly known lemur species
Black-and-white ruffed lemur hanging by its rear feet from a rope, holding some leaves in its hands while looking at the camera
Ruffed lemurs are the largest of the extant lemurids
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Eulemur albifrons White-fronted brown lemur 1796, É. Geoffroy 2.2–2.6 kg (4.9–5.7 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][101][102][103]
Eulemur cinereiceps[b] Gray-headed lemur 1890, Grandidier and Milne-Edwards 2–2.5 kg (4.4–5.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][104][105][106]
Eulemur collaris Collared brown lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 2.25–2.5 kg (5.0–5.5 lb)
Endangered		 [2][107][108][109]
Eulemur coronatus Crowned lemur 1842, Gray 1.1–1.3 kg (2.4–2.9 lb)
Endangered		 [2][110][111][112]
Eulemur flavifrons Blue-eyed black lemur 1867, Gray 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][113][114]
Eulemur fulvus Common brown lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][115][116][117]
Eulemur macaco Black lemur 1766, Linnaeus 2–2.9 kg (4.4–6.4 lb)
Endangered		 [2][118][119][120]
Eulemur mongoz Mongoose lemur 1766, Linnaeus 1.1–1.6 kg (2.4–3.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][121][122][123]
Eulemur rubriventer Red-bellied lemur 1850, I. Geoffroy 1.6–2.4 kg (3.5–5.3 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][124][125][126]
Eulemur rufifrons[a] Red-fronted lemur 1833, Bennett 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][127][128]
Eulemur rufus[a] Red lemur 1799, Audebert 2.2–2.3 kg (4.9–5.1 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][129]
Eulemur sanfordi Sanford's brown lemur 1932, Archbold 1.8–1.9 kg (4.0–4.2 lb)
Endangered		 [2][130][131][132]
Hapalemur alaotrensis Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur 1975, Rumpler 1.1–1.4 kg (2.4–3.1 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][133][134][135]
Hapalemur aureus Golden bamboo lemur 1987, Meier et al. 1.3–1.7 kg (2.9–3.7 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][136][137][138]
Hapalemur griseus gilberti Beanamalao bamboo lemur 2007, Rabarivola et al. 0.967 kg (2.13 lb)
Data Deficient		 [139][140]
Hapalemur griseus griseus Eastern lesser bamboo lemur 1795, Link 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][141][142][143]
Hapalemur griseus ranomafanensis Ranomafana bamboo lemur 2007, Rabarivola et al. 0.7–0.85 kg (1.5–1.9 lb)
Vulnerable		 [144][145]
Hapalemur meridionalis Southern lesser bamboo lemur 1987, Warter, et al. 0.75–1.05 kg (1.7–2.3 lb)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][146][147][148][149]
Hapalemur occidentalis Western lesser bamboo lemur 1975, Rumpler 1 kg (2.2 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][150][151][152]
Hapalemur simus Greater bamboo lemur 1871, Gray 2.2–2.5 kg (4.9–5.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][153][154][155]
Lemur catta Ring-tailed lemur 1756, Linnaeus 2.3–3.5 kg (5.1–7.7 lb)
Endangered		 [2][156][157][158]
Varecia rubra Red ruffed lemur 1812, É. Geoffroy 3.3–3.6 kg (7.3–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][159][160][161]
Varecia variegata editorum Southern black-and-white ruffed lemur 1953, Osman Hill 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][162][163][164]
Varecia variegata subcincta White-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur 1833, A. Smith 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][165][166][167]
Varecia variegata variegata Black-and-white ruffed lemur 1792, Kerr 3.1–3.6 kg (6.8–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][168][169][170]

Family: Lepilemuridae

Family Lepilemuridae consists solely of the sportive lemurs. As of 2014, there are 26 extant species.

Sahamalaza sportive lemur clinging to the side of a dead tree
The Sahamalaza sportive lemur is one of 26 species of sportive lemur
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Lepilemur aeeclis Antafia sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.765–0.97 kg (1.69–2.14 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][171][172]
Lepilemur ahmansonorum Ahmanson's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.61 kg (1.3 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][173][174]
Lepilemur ankaranensis Ankarana sportive lemur 1975, Rumpler & Albignac 0.75 kg (1.7 lb)
Endangered		 [2][175][176][177]
Lepilemur betsileo Betsileo sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 1.15 kg (2.5 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][178][179]
Lepilemur dorsalis Gray-backed sportive lemur 1870, Gray 0.5 kg (1.1 lb)
Endangered		 [2][180][181][182]
Lepilemur edwardsi Milne-Edwards' sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 1 kg (2.2 lb)
Endangered		 [2][183][184][185]
Lepilemur fleuretae Fleurete's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.98 kg (2.2 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][186][187]
Lepilemur grewcockorum Grewcock's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][188][189]
Lepilemur hollandorum Holland's sportive lemur 2009, Ramaromilanto et al. 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [190][191]
Lepilemur hubbardorum Hubbard's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.99 kg (2.2 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][192][193]
Lepilemur jamesorum James' sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.78 kg (1.7 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][194][195]
Lepilemur leucopus White-footed sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 0.6 kg (1.3 lb)
Endangered		 [2][196][197][198]
Lepilemur microdon Small-toothed sportive lemur 1894, Forsyth Major 0.8–1.0 kg (1.8–2.2 lb)
Endangered		 [2][199][200][201]
Lepilemur milanoii Daraina sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.72 kg (1.6 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][202][203]
Lepilemur mittermeieri Mittermeier's sportive lemur 2006, Rabarivola et al. unknown
Critically Endangered		 [2][204]
Lepilemur mustelinus Weasel sportive lemur 1851, I. Geoffroy 1 kg (2.2 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][205][206][207]
Lepilemur otto Otto's sportive lemur 2007, Craul et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][208]
Lepilemur petteri Petter's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.63 kg (1.4 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][209][210]
Lepilemur randrianasoloi Randrianasolo's sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.66–0.88 kg (1.5–1.9 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][211][212]
Lepilemur ruficaudatus Red-tailed sportive lemur 1867, A. Grandidier 0.76–0.95 kg (1.7–2.1 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][213][214][215]
Lepilemur sahamalazensis Sahamalaza sportive lemur 2006, Andriaholinirina et al. 0.687–0.892 kg (1.51–1.97 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][216][217]
Lepilemur scottorum Scott's sportive lemur 2008, Lei et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][218]
Lepilemur seali Seal's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d]
Vulnerable		 [2][219][220]
Lepilemur septentrionalis Northern sportive lemur 1975, Rumpler & Albignac 0.75 kg (1.7 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][221][222][223]
Lepilemur tymerlachsoni Hawks' sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.88 kg (1.9 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][224][225]
Lepilemur wrightae Wright's sportive lemur 2006, Louis, Jr. et al. 0.95 kg (2.1 lb)[d]
Endangered		 [2][226][227]

Family: Indriidae

Family Indriidae consists of the indri (the largest extant lemur), the woolly lemurs and the sifakas. There are 19 extant species.

Indri sitting on a tree branch resting, with head placed on its knee
The indri is one of the two largest extant lemurs
Sifaka perched in the "V" of a young tree
Sifakas are vertical clingers and jumpers and are represented by 9 species, 8 of which are considered critically endangered as of 2020
Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Avahi betsileo Betsileo woolly lemur 2007, Andriantompohavana et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][228]
Avahi cleesei Cleese's woolly lemur 2005, Thalmann and Geissmann 0.83 kg (1.8 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][229][230]
Avahi laniger Eastern woolly lemur 1788, Gmelin 0.9–1.3 kg (2.0–2.9 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][231][232][233]
Avahi meridionalis Southern woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][234]
Avahi mooreorum Moore's woolly lemur 2008, Lei et al. unknown
Endangered		 [2][235]
Avahi occidentalis Western woolly lemur 1898, von Lorenz-Liburnau 0.7–0.9 kg (1.5–2.0 lb)
Vulnerable		 [2][236][237][238]
Avahi peyrierasi Peyrieras's woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown
Vulnerable		 [2][239]
Avahi ramanantsoavanai Ramanantsoavana's woolly lemur 2006, Zaramody et al. unknown
Vulnerable		 [2][240]
Avahi unicolor Sambirano woolly lemur 2000, Thalmann and Geissmann 0.7–1 kg (1.5–2.2 lb)[d]
Critically Endangered		 [2][241][242][243][244]
Indri indri Indri 1788, Gmelin 6–9.5 kg (13–21 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][245][246][247]
Propithecus candidus Silky sifaka 1871, A. Grandidier 5–6 kg (11–13 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][248][249][250]
Propithecus coquereli Coquerel's sifaka 1867, A. Grandidier 3.7–4.3 kg (8.2–9.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][251][252][253]
Propithecus coronatus Crowned sifaka 1871, Milne-Edwards 3.5–4.3 kg (7.7–9.5 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][254][255][256]
Propithecus deckenii Von der Decken's sifaka 1870, A. Grandidier 3–4.5 kg (6.6–9.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][257][258][259]
Propithecus diadema Diademed sifaka 1832, Bennett 6–8.5 kg (13–19 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][260][261][262]
Propithecus edwardsi Milne-Edwards's sifaka 1871, A. Grandidier 5–6.5 kg (11–14 lb)
Endangered		 [2][263][264][265]
Propithecus perrieri Perrier's sifaka 1931, Lavauden 4.3–5 kg (9.5–11.0 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][266][267][268]
Propithecus tattersalli Golden-crowned sifaka 1988, Simons 3.4–3.6 kg (7.5–7.9 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][269][270][271]
Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux's sifaka 1867, A. Grandidier 3–3.5 kg (6.6–7.7 lb)
Critically Endangered		 [2][272][273][274]

Family: Daubentoniidae
Aye-aye perched on a branch
The aye-aye has many physical traits unique for a primate and is monotypic within its family

Family Daubentoniidae contains only one surviving species, of the aye-aye. Wide-ranging genetic studies have shown that it separated from the ancestral lemurs long before any other branch of the modern Lemuriformes.[2]

Scientific name Common name Classified Average size Conservation status References
Daubentonia madagascariensis Aye-aye 1788, Gmelin 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)
Endangered		 [2][275][276][277]

Unconfirmed species

Reports of new species continue to trickle in from the field. However, these reports require further scientific evaluation before their claims can be verified.

Extinct species
Main article: Subfossil lemur

All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains.[278] Conditions for fossilization were not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.

Scientific name Common name Family Estimated size Extinction date References
Archaeoindris fontoynonti Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 160–200 kg (350–440 lb) 350 BCE [279][280][281]
Archaeolemur edwardsi Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 15–25 kg (33–55 lb) 1047–1280 CE [282][283]
Archaeolemur majori Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 15–25 kg (33–55 lb) 1047–1280 CE [282][283]
Babakotia radofilai Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 16–20 kg (35–44 lb) 3050 BCE[c] [279][280]
Daubentonia robusta Giant aye-aye Daubentoniidae 14 kg (31 lb) 891–1027 CE [284][285]
Hadropithecus stenognathus Monkey lemurs (or baboon lemurs) Archaeolemuridae 27–35 kg (60–77 lb) 444–772 CE [282][283]
Megaladapis edwardsi Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–176 lb) 1280–1420 CE [286][287]
Megaladapis grandidieri Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–176 lb) 1280–1420 CE [286][287]
Megaladapis madagascariensis Koala lemurs Megaladapidae 40–80 kg (88–176 lb) 1280–1420 CE [286][287]
Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [279][280]
Mesopropithecus globiceps Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [279][280]
Mesopropithecus pithecoides Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) 245–429 CE [279][280]
Pachylemur insignis Pachylemur Lemuridae 11.5 kg (25 lb) 680–960 BCE [288]
Pachylemur jullyi Pachylemur Lemuridae 13 kg (29 lb) Holocene [288]
Palaeopropithecus ingens Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) 1300–1620 CE [279][280]
Palaeopropithecus kelyus Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 35 kg (77 lb) Late Quaternary [6]
Palaeopropithecus maximus Sloth lemurs Palaeopropithecidae 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) 1300–1620 CE [279][280]

See also

Footnotes
  • a In 2008, the red lemur, Eulemur rufus, was split into two species, Eulemur rufus (red lemur) and Eulemur rufifrons (red-fronted lemur). Also, Eulemur rufus was previously known as the red-fronted lemur, but was renamed the red lemur, while Eulemur rufifrons assumed its former name.[2]
  • b Formerly referred to as Eulemur albocollaris or white-collared brown lemur, but was changed in 2008.[2]
  • c This extinction date for Babakotia radofilai is based on a single radiocarbon date from one specimen. For this reason, it is hard to tell when this species became extinct or how it is related to other lemur species.[279]
  • d Average weights reported for this species are based on very small sample sizes or are general ranges for its genus and thus require further research.

Notes
  1. Mittermeier et al. 2010, pp. 86–87
  2. Mittermeier, R. A.; Ganzhorn, J. U.; Konstant, W. R.; Glander, K.; Tattersall, I.; Groves, C. P.; Rylands, A. B.; Hapke, A.; Ratsimbazafy, J.; Mayor, M. I.; Louis, E. E.; Rumpler, Y.; Schwitzer, C.; Rasoloarison, R. M. (2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. hdl:10161/6237. S2CID 17614597.
  3. Yoder, A.D. (2007). "Lemurs: a quick guide" (PDF). Current Biology. 17 (20): 866–868. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.050. PMID 17956741.
  4. Tattersall, I. (2007). "Madagascar's Lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation?". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 16 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1002/evan.20126. S2CID 54727842.
  5. Mittermeier, pp. 50–51
  6. Gommery, D.; Ramanivosoa, B.; Tombomiadana-Raveloson, S.; Randrianantenaina, H.; Kerloc'h, P. (2009). "A new species of giant subfossil lemur from the North-West of Madagascar (Palaeopropithecus kelyus, Primates)". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 8 (5): 471–480. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2009.02.001.
  7. Cartmill 2010, pp. 10–30
  8. Mittermeier, pp. 130–135
  9. Groves, C. P. (2005). "Allocebus trichotis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  10. Louis, E.E.; Frasier, C.L.; Bezandry, N.; Sefczek, T.M.; Bailey, C.A.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, J.; Réné De Roland, L.A. (2020). "Allocebus trichotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T868A115559302. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  11. Lei, R.; McLain, A. T.; Frasier, C. L.; Taylor, J. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Engberg, S. E.; Ginter, A. L.; Nash, S. D.; Randriamampionona, R.; Groves, C. P.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis, Jr., E. E. (2015). "A New Species in the Genus Cheirogaleus (Cheirogaleidae)". Primate Conservation. 29 (2): 1–12. doi:10.1896/052.029.0103. S2CID 85862748.
  12. Sgarlata, G.M.; Le Pors, B.; Frasier, C.L.; Chikhi, L.; Salmona, J.; Louis, E.E.; Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Lewis, R.; Rafalinirina, H.A.; Raharivololona, B.; Rakotoarisoa, G.; Ralison, J.; Randriahaingo, H.N.T.; Rasoloarison, R.M.; Razafindrasolo, M.; Wright, P.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020). "Cheirogaleus andysabini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T163021607A163021799. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  13. Mittermeier, pp. 158–159
  14. Garbutt, pp. 103–104
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  17. McLain, A. T.; Lei, R.; Frasier, C. L.; Taylor, J. M.; Bailey, C. A.; Robertson, B. A. D.; Nash, S. D.; Randriamanana, J. C.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr. (2017). "A New Cheirogaleus (Cheirogaleidae: Cheirogaleus crossleyi Group) Species from Southeastern Madagascar" (PDF). Primate Conservation. 31: 27–36.
  18. Blanco, M.; Dolch, R.; Donati, G.; Ganzhorn, J.; Greene, L.K.; Le Pors, B.; Lewis, R.; Louis, E.E.; Rafalinirina, H.A.; Raharivololona, B.; Ralison, J.; Randriahaingo, H.N.T.; Rasoloarison, R.M.; Razafindrasolo, M.; Sgarlata, G.M.; Wright, P.; Zaonarivelo, J. (2020). "Cheirogaleus grovesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T163021927A163021999. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
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  21. Mittermeier, pp. 155–157
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  27. Mittermeier, p. 166
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References

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