List of basic income models
A basic income is a form of social security in which a population group receives a regular sum of money, either from a government or from some other public institution, independent of any other income.[1][2][3] This is a list of alternates to universal basic income that intends to give all citizens of a population an unconditional sum of money, which have been implemented or proposed.
| Name | Description | Spokespersons | Tested in | Books | Films/articles/interviews |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Universal basic income (UBI), also known by many other names | Periodic cash payment unconditionally delivered to all on an individual basis, without means-test or work requirement.[4] | Juliet Rhys-Williams, James Tobin, Philippe Van Parijs, Karl Widerquist, Thomas Piketty | US and Canada (local experiments); the Iranian basic income is somewhat between a partial and a full basic income. | Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income,[5] Real Freedom for All, Public Economics in Action: the Basic Income/Flat Tax proposal, Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy | Negative income tax & work, Negative income tax in Israel, Negative income tax in Ontario, Short info |
| Negative income tax (NIT) | Similar to a basic income but means test so that the grant gradually phases out as income increases. | Milton Friedman, Basic Income Canada Network | Capitalism and Freedom, Free to Choose | ||
| Wage subsidy, sometimes known as participation income | Scope limited to people in work (varyingly interpreted). | A. C. Pigou, Edmund Phelps, Tony Atkinson | Inequality (2015; Atkinson) | 'Low-wage employment subsidies versus the welfare state' (Phelps) | |
| Partial basic income (PBI) | Any basic income set at a level that is less than enough to meet a person's basic needs.[6] | Alaska (Permanent Fund of Alaska)[7] | |||
| Personal Basic Income | A Minimum Basic Income that is self-generated by communities by pooling their data into data banks, monetizing its value, and receiving dividends. | Manish Bhan
SmartTribe |
Early-stage experimentation. | SmartTribe.org | |
| Guaranteed minimum income, an umbrella term for many types of benefit including unemployment benefit | Limited by means testing and availability for work. | William Beveridge Friedrich Hayek[8] | Widely implemented | ||
| Citizen's dividend | Dependent on land value tax values from land and rents | Henry George, Thomas Paine | Alaska (Permanent Fund Dividend) | Agrarian Justice, Progress and Poverty | |
| Universal dividend | Dependent on a portion of production, proxied by a fixed and flat tax on personal income and corporate net profits, distributed flat as a non-taxed benefit among all residents or citizens over a certain age. | John Moser | The American Citizen's Dividend | ||
| Basic income for households | In the form of BI or NIT. | ||||
| Basic income + negative income tax | A combination of BI and NIT. | Hermonie Parker investigated several versions in Instead of the Dole | Instead of the Dole | ||
| $8000 UBI, $4000 (minimum income), $4000 Carbon tax dividend. | For those under 65. Seniors system unchanged. | Pascal J - naturalfinance.net in Canadian context. | naturalfinance.net | ||
| Basic income and social insurance | Andreas Bergh | Bergh 2004 | |||
| Stake holding grants | A large one-time grant, usually received when the individual reaches maturity. | Thomas Paine, Bruce Ackerman, Anne Alstott | The Stakeholder Society, Redesigning distribution | ||
| European/regional basic income | Basic income for a region, for example Europe. | Van Parijs, Steve Quilley, Phillippe C. Schmitter m.fl. | Marc's proposal, NAFTA-divident | ||
| Conditional cash transfers (basic income with strings attached) | Not a guarantee because conditions exist, but conditions are easily fulfilled (or example, children going to school). | Brazil (Bolsa Famila) | Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South | ||
| Basic income for special regions (such as Israel-Palestine) | Philippe Van Parijs | ||||
| Basic income for food | FIAN | To poor countries | |||
| Global basic income | Global Basic Income Foundation, Myron J. Frankman m.fl., World Basic Income | ||||
| Local basic income | For a village, city, district, province, etc. | Karl Widerquist | Otjivero (Namibia), 2 villages in China, GiveDirectly project in Kenya, Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend,[9] Native American Casino Dividends | Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend,[10] Exporting the Alaska Model[11] | |
| Social credit | Social credit movement, C.H. Douglas | ||||
| Basic income + flat tax | Equal tax rate. | M. Friedman, Tony Atkinson | Public Economics in Action: The Basic Income/Flat Tax Proposal | ||
| Basic income + VAT | Basic income financed by tax on consumption. | Vivant | Germany | ||
| Basic income + demurrage | A self stabilizing money supply that is resistant to inflation and deflation. | Omar Syed, Aamir Syed | Sound Money Without Commodities | ||
| Basic income justified by equal rights to natural resources | Karl Widerquist, Jay Hammond, Peter Barnes | Alaska, Iran (from 2011) | Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income,[12] Capitalism 3.0 | ||
| Social dividend | Based on publicly owned enterprises, see market socialism. | James Meade, Oskar Lange, Abba Lerner, John Roemer, James Yunker | |||
| Basic income instead of subventions | Iran (from 2011) | ||||
| Carbon fee and dividend | Basic income funded by a carbon tax. | Citizens' Climate Lobby | British Columbia | ||
| Basic income to disaster regions | Haiti-1, A way to peace | ||||
| Basic income in the form of energy credits | Cosmic Accounting | ||||
| Basic income startup (ReCivitas) | "Lifetime Basic Income" | Marcus Brancaglione, Bruna Pereira | Brazil Quatinga Velho (local experiment) | Lessons from the Practice of Basic Income , Basic Income Startup | BRAZIL: Basic Income Startup gives "lifetime basic incomes" to villagers , NGO founds collaborative "projects network" |
| Basic income + monetary reform + land value tax | James Robertson, Herman Daly | ||||
| Universal right to capital income | "Legislation requiring that a percentage of capital stock (shares) from every initial public offering (IPO) be channeled into a Commons Capital Depository, with the associated dividends funding a universal basic dividend (UBD)", which would be entirely independent of welfare payments and unemployment insurance.[13] | Yanis Varoufakis | The Universal Right to Capital Income | ||
| Three Pillars | National Dividend (ND) - a payment to all citizen-residents, paid for by a tax on the commons
National Income Supplement (NIS) - distributing all income taxes back to income earners, which would allow all income brackets to benefit from each other's success, and amplify their earnings (and underwrite labour costs). Assisted Savings Program (ASP) - mandatory long-term savings/investment, and distributing all capital gains taxes to ASP accounts, ensuring savers benefit from each other's success, and amplify their savings.[14] Returning tax revenues to citizens through these programs is enabled by a shift to a form of Land Value Tax (called a ULT) for general revenues. The Three Pillars would also replace the minimum wage and state-run pensions. |
The New Physiocratic League | The New School of Economics |
References
- "Improving Social Security in Canada Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper". Minister of Human Resource Development Canada. 1994. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- "History of Basic Income". Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN). Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.
- Universal Basic Income: A Review Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed August 6, 2017.
- "About Basic Income | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network". Retrieved 2020-08-28.
- Widerquist, Karl. Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income.
- "Description at U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
- "Description at U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
- Ramón Rallo, Juan (Winter 2019–2020). "Hayek Did Not Embrace a Universal Basic Income" (PDF). The Independent Review. 24 (3): 350.
- Widerquist, Karl. Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend.
- Widerquist, Karl. Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend.
- Widerquist, Karl. Exporting the Alaska Model.
- Widerquist, Karl. Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income.
- Varoufakis, Yanis (31 October 2016). "The Universal Right to Capital Income". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
- "The New Physiocratic Platform". The New Physiocratic League. 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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