Lincoln (UK Parliament constituency)

Lincoln
Lincoln
Borough constituency; for the House of Commons
	Boundary of Lincoln in Lincolnshire
	Location of Lincolnshire within England
County	Lincolnshire
Electorate	72,662 (December 2010)[1]
Major settlements	Lincoln
Current constituency
Created	1265
Member of Parliament	Karl McCartney (Conservative)
Seats	Two until 1885, then one

Lincoln is a constituency[n 1] in Lincolnshire, England represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Karl McCartney, a Conservative Party politician.[n 2]

Since the split of the seat City of York with effect from the 2010 general election, Lincoln has been the oldest constituency in continuous existence in the UK – established in 1265. Lincoln was a bellwether between 1974 and 2017. The seat bucked the national Conservative victory in 1970 by electing a Labour MP, as it did in 2017.

The seat has been considered relative to others an ultra-marginal seat, as well as a swing seat, since 2005 as its winner's majority has not exceeded 6.9% of the vote since the 12.5% majority won in 2005 and the seat has changed hands three times since that year.

Boundaries

1885–1918: The existing parliamentary borough, and the parish of Bracebridge.[2]

1918–1950: The County Borough of Lincoln, and the Urban District of Bracebridge.

1950–1974: The County Borough of Lincoln.

1974–1983: As prior but with redrawn boundaries.

1983–1997: The City of Lincoln, and the District of North Kesteven wards of Bracebridge Heath, North Hykeham Central, North Hykeham North, North Hykeham South, Skellingthorpe, and Waddington West.

1997–2010: The City of Lincoln, and the District of North Kesteven ward of Bracebridge Heath.

2010–present: The City of Lincoln, and the District of North Kesteven wards of Bracebridge Heath and Waddington East, and Skellingthorpe.

The constituency, as its name suggests, covers the cathedral city[n 3] of Lincoln in Lincolnshire, and most of its directly adjoining villages.

History

Lincoln first sent Members to Parliament in 1265, thirty years before the first all-over coverage of cities and qualifying towns was introduced in the Model Parliament, and has done so ever since, although no records exist from before the end of the 13th century. The early elections were held at the Guildhall and the burgesses elected were usually officials of the borough.

The representation, originally two Members ("burgesses"), was reduced to one Member in 1885.

The seat was represented for five years by former Cabinet minister Margaret Jackson, later Margaret Beckett.[n 4] Lincoln became the oldest constituency in the country in 2010 when the City of York constituency was divided.

Constituency profile

The seat includes the University of Lincoln. From 1945 to 1972 Lincoln was continuously held by the Labour Party, often as a safe seat. The city has good transport links with Nottingham, Hull and the smaller ancient market towns in Lincolnshire, such as Spalding, Market Rasen and Boston. Lincoln was a bellwether constituency from October 1974 to 2015, voting for the party which would form the government in each election. In 2017 Labour took the seat despite being the 2nd largest party nationwide.

Members of Parliament

MPs 1265–1660

Year	First member	Second member
1307 (January)	Hugh Skarlet[3]	Henry de Windsor[3]
1369	John Sutton[4]
1372	John Sutton[4]
1373	John Sutton[4]
1381	Robert Sutton[5]
1377 (October)	John Sutton[4]
1382 (May)	Robert Sutton[5]
1383	Robert Saltby[6]
1384 (November)	Robert Sutton[5]
1385	Robert Sutton[5]
1386	Robert Sutton[5]	Robert Saltby[7]
1388 (February)	Robert Sutton[5]	John Sutton[4]
1388 (September)	Gilbert Beesby	Robert Harworth[7]
1390 (January)	Nicholas Werk	Robert Peck[7]
1390 (November)
1391	Robert Sutton[5]	Robert Ledes[7]
1393	Thomas Thornhagh	John Belasise[7]
1394	Robert Sutton[5]	Robert Messingham[7]
1395	Robert Harworth	Robert Ledes[7]
1397 (January)	Robert Sutton[5]	Robert Appleby[7]
1397 (September)	Seman Laxfield	John Thorley[7]
1399	Robert Sutton[5]	William Blyton[7]
1401	Robert Harworth	Gilbert Beesby[7]
1402	John Balderton	William Blyton[7]
1404 (January)	Seman Laxfield	William Dalderby[7]
1404 (October)	Nicholas Huddleston	Robert Appleby[7]
1406	Richard Worsop	Thomas Forster[7]
1407	Richard Worsop	Richard Bell[7]
1410	?
1411	John Bigge	John Belasise[7]
1413 (February)
1413 (May)	John Dalderby	Thomas Forster[7]
1414 (April)
1414 (November)	John Ryle	Thomas Teryng[7]
1415	Thomas Archer	Thomas Forster[7]
1416 (March)	John Bigge	Hamon Sutton[7]
1416 (October)
1417	Thomas Archer	Robert Walsh[7]
1419	?
1420	John Bigge	Hamon Sutton[7]
1421 (May)	John Bigge	Hamon Sutton[7]
1421 (December)	William Leadenham	Richard Walsh[7]
1423	Hamon Sutton
1425	Hamon Sutton
1426	Hamon Sutton
1459	Thomas Fitzwilliam[8]
1510	?
1512	Robert Alanson	Richard Clerke[9]
1515	Robert Alanson	Richard Clerke[9]
1523	Richard Clerke	John Halton[9]
1529	Vincent Grantham	William Sammes[9]
1536	Vincent Grantham	Thomas Moigne[9]
1539	Robert Dighton	Anthony Missenden[9]
1542	Anthony Missenden, died and replaced in January 1543 by George St Poll	William Alanson[9]
1545	George St Poll	William Yates[9]
1547	George St Poll	Thomas Grantham[9]
1553 (March)	?Robert Farrar	?
1553 (October)	George St Poll	Robert Farrar[9]
1554 (April)	Robert Farrar	William Rotheram[9]
1554 (November)	George St Poll	Robert Farrar[9]
1555	Robert Farrar	?[9]
1558	George St Poll	Francis Kempe[9]
1558/59	Anthony Thorold	Robert Farrar[10]
1562/63	Robert Monson	Robert Farrar[10]
1571	Thomas Wilson	Robert Monson[10]
1572 (May)	Thomas Wilson	John Welcome[10]
1584	Stephen Thymbleby	John Joye[10]
1586	John Savile	Thomas Fairfax[10]
1588/89	George Anton	Peter Eure[10]
1593	George Anton	Charles Dymoke[10]
1597	Thomas Grantham	George Anton[10]
1601 (October)	George Anton	Francis Bullingham[10]
1604	Sir Thomas Grantham	Sir Edward Tyrwhit
1614	Sir Thomas Grantham	Edward Bash
1621	Sir Lewis Watson, (1st Baronet)	Sir Edward Ayscough
1624	Sir Lewis Watson, 1st Baronet	Thomas Hatcher
1625	Sir Thomas Grantham	Sir John Monson
1626	Sir Thomas Grantham	Robert Monson
1628-1629	Sir Thomas Grantham	Sir Edward Ayscough
1629–1640	No Parliaments summoned
April 1640	Thomas Grantham	John Farmery
November 1640	Thomas Grantham	John Broxholme died 1647 and replaced by Thomas Lister
1654	William Marshall	Original Peart
1656	Humphrey Walcot	Original Peart
1659	Robert Marshal	Thomas Meres

MPs 1660–1885

Election		Party		Party
1660	John Monson		Sir Thomas Meres
1661	Sir Robert Bolles, Bt
1664	Sir John Monson
1675	Henry Monson
1681	Sir Thomas Hussey, Bt
1685	Henry Monson
1689, January	Henry Monson		Sir Christopher Nevile
1689, May	Sir Edward Hussey, Bt		Sir Christopher Nevile
1690	Sir Edward Hussey, Bt		Sir John Bolles, Bt.
1695	William Monson
1698	Sir Edward Hussey, Bt
1701, January	Sir Thomas Meres
1701, December	Sir Edward Hussey, Bt
1702	Sir Edward Hussey, Bt		Sir Thomas Meres
1705	Thomas Lister		Sir Thomas Meres
1710			Richard Grantham
1713			John Sibthorpe
1715	Sir John Tyrwhitt, Bt	Whig	Richard Grantham
1722	Sir John Tyrwhitt, Bt	Whig	Sir John Monson
1727	Charles Hall	Tory	Sir John Monson
1728	Charles Hall	Tory	Sir John Tyrwhitt, 5th Bt	Whig
1734	Charles Monson		Coningsby Sibthorp	Tory
1741			Sir John Tyrwhitt, 6th Bt
1747			Coningsby Sibthorp	Tory
1754	George Monson		John Chaplin
1761	George Monson		Coningsby Sibthorp	Tory
1768	Thomas Scrope		Constantine Phipps[12]
1774	George Lumley		Robert Vyner
1780	Sir Thomas Clarges, Bt
1783	John Fenton-Cawthorne[13]
1784			Richard Lumley-Savile
1790			Robert Hobart[14]
1796, 14 May	George Rawdon		Robert Hobart[14]
1796, 25 May	George Rawdon		Richard Ellison	Tory[15]
1800	Humphrey Sibthorp	Tory[15]
1806	William Monson
1808	John Savile
1812	John Nicholas Fazakerley		Sir Henry Sullivan
1814	John Nicholas Fazakerley		Coningsby Waldo-Sibthorpe	Tory[15]
1818	Ralph Bernal	Whig[15]
1820	Bobus Smith	Whig[15]
1822	Bobus Smith	Whig[15]	John Williams
1826	John Nicholas Fazakerley	Whig[15]	Charles Sibthorp	Tory[15]
1830	John Fardell	Tory[15]
1831	George Heneage	Whig[15][16][17]
1832	George Heneage	Whig[15][16][17]	Edward Bulwer[18]	Whig[15][19][20]
1835	Charles Sibthorp	Conservative[15]	Edward Bulwer[18]	Whig[15][19][20]
1841			William Rickford Collett	Conservative[15]
1847			Charles Seely[21]	Radical[16][22][23][24]
1848 by-election			Thomas Hobhouse	Radical[25][26]
1852			George Heneage	Whig[15][16][17]
1856 by-election	Gervaise Sibthorp	Conservative		Whig[15][16][17]
1859	Gervaise Sibthorp	Conservative		Liberal
1861 by-election	Charles Seely	Liberal		Liberal
1862 by-election			John Bramley-Moore	Conservative
1865			Edward Heneage[27]	Liberal
1868			John Hinde Palmer	Liberal
1874			Edward Chaplin	Conservative
1880			John Hinde Palmer	Liberal
1884 by-election			Joseph Ruston	Liberal

MPs 1885–present

	Member[11]	Party
1885	Joseph Ruston	Liberal
1886	Joseph Ruston	Liberal Unionist
1886	Frederick Kerans	Conservative
1892	William Crosfield	Liberal
1895	Charles Seely	Liberal Unionist
1906	Charles Roberts	Liberal
1918	Alfred Davies	Coalition Conservative
1924	Robert Arthur Taylor	Labour
1931	Walter Liddall	Conservative
1945	George Deer	Labour
1950	Geoffrey de Freitas	Labour
1962 by-election	Dick Taverne	Labour (until 1972) Lincoln Democratic Labour (from 1973)
1973 by-election		Labour (until 1972) Lincoln Democratic Labour (from 1973)
February 1974		Lincoln Democratic Labour Association
October 1974	Margaret Jackson later Beckett	Labour
1979	Kenneth Carlisle	Conservative
1997	Gillian Merron	Labour
2010	Karl McCartney	Conservative
2017	Karen Lee	Labour
2019	Karl McCartney	Conservative

Elections

Elections in the 2010s

General election 2019: Lincoln[28]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Karl McCartney	24,267	47.9	3.2
	Labour	Karen Lee	20,753	41.0	6.9
	Liberal Democrats	Caroline Kenyon	2,422	4.8	2.2
	Green	Sally Horscroft	1,195	2.4	1.2
	Brexit Party	Reece Wilkes	1,079	2.1	New
	Independent	Rob Bradley	609	1.2	New
	Liberal	Charles Shaw	304	0.6	New
Majority			3,514	6.9	N/A
Turnout			50,629	67.7	1.1
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	5.1

General election 2017: Lincoln[29]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Karen Lee	23,333	47.9	8.3
	Conservative	Karl McCartney	21,795	44.7	2.1
	UKIP	Nick Smith	1,287	2.6	9.6
	Liberal Democrats	Caroline Kenyon	1,284	2.6	1.7
	Green	Ben Loryman	583	1.2	New
	Independent	Phil Gray	312	0.6	New
	Independent	Iain Scott-Burdon	124	0.3	New
Majority			1,538	3.2	N/A
Turnout			48,718	66.6	3.4
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing	3.1

General election 2015: Lincoln[30][31]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Karl McCartney	19,976	42.6	+5.1
	Labour	Lucy Rigby	18,533	39.6	+4.4
	UKIP	Nick Smith	5,721	12.2	+10.0
	Liberal Democrats	Ross Pepper	1,992	4.3	−15.9
	TUSC	Elaine Smith	344	0.7	New
	Lincolnshire Independent	Helen Powell	286	0.6	New
Majority			1,443	3.0	+0.7
Turnout			46,852	63.2	+1.0
	Conservative hold		Swing	+0.38

General election 2010: Lincoln[32][33]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Karl McCartney	17,163	37.5	+4.6
	Labour	Gillian Merron	16,105	35.2	−10.2
	Liberal Democrats	Reg Shore	9,256	20.2	+2.0
	BNP	Robert West	1,367	3.0	New
	UKIP	Nick Smith	1,004	2.2	−1.3
	English Democrat	Ernest Coleman	604	1.3	New
	Independent	Gary Walker	222	0.5	New
Majority			1,058	2.3	N/A
Turnout			45,721	62.2	+4.9
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	+6.75

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: Lincoln[34]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Gillian Merron	16,724	45.4	−8.5
	Conservative	Karl McCartney	12,110	32.9	+1.7
	Liberal Democrats	Lisa Gabriel	6,715	18.2	+5.5
	UKIP	Nick Smith	1,308	3.5	+1.2
Majority			4,613	12.5	-10.2
Turnout			36,856	56.5	+0.5
	Labour hold		Swing	-5.1

General election 2001: Lincoln[35]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Gillian Merron	20,003	53.9	−1.0
	Conservative	Christine-Anne Talbot	11,583	31.2	+0.2
	Liberal Democrats	Lisa Gabriel	4,703	12.7	+1.9
	UKIP	Rodger Doughty	836	2.3	New
Majority			8,420	22.7	-1.2
Turnout			37,125	56.0	−15.1
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Lincoln[36]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Gillian Merron	25,563	54.9	+12.1
	Conservative	Tony Brown	14,433	31.0	-16.1
	Liberal Democrats	Lisa Gabriel	5,048	10.8	+0.7
	Referendum	John Ivory	1,329	2.9	New
	Natural Law	Adrian Myers	175	0.4	New
Majority			11,130	23.9	N/A
Turnout			46,548	71.1	-8.0
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing	+14.1

General election 1992: Lincoln[37][38]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Kenneth Carlisle	28,792	46.1	−0.4
	Labour	Nick Butler	26,743	42.8	+9.1
	Liberal Democrats	David Harding-Price	6,316	10.1	−9.3
	Liberal	Sue E. Wiggin	603	1.0	New
Majority			2,049	3.3	−9.5
Turnout			62,454	79.1	+3.5
	Conservative hold		Swing	−4.8

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Lincoln[39]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Kenneth Carlisle	27,097	46.5	+0.1
	Labour	Nick Butler	19,614	33.7	+6.2
	SDP	Peter Zentner	11,319	19.4	−5.7
	Unknown	Thomas Kyle	232	0.4	New
Majority			7,483	12.8	-6.1
Turnout			58,262	75.6	+1.0
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1983: Lincoln[40]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Kenneth Carlisle	25,244	46.4
	Labour	Malcolm Withers	14,958	27.5
	SDP	Freddie Stockdale	13,631	25.1	New
	Independent	Gilbert Blades	523	1.0	New
Majority			10,286	18.9
Turnout			54,356	74.6
	Conservative hold		Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Kenneth Carlisle	17,777	41.4	+13.1
	Labour	Margaret Jackson	17,175	40.0	+2.9
	Liberal	K. Melton	5,638	13.1	New
	Democratic Labour	Freddie Stockdale	1,743	4.1	−30.5
	National Front	J. Noble	523	1.2	New
	Revolutionary Reform	T. Kyle	77	0.2	New
Majority			602	1.4	N/A
Turnout			42,933	77.0	+2.2
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	+5.1

General election October 1974: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Margaret Jackson	14,698	37.1	+1.6
	Democratic Labour	Dick Taverne	13,714	34.6	-1.0
	Conservative	Peter Myles Moran	11,223	28.3	-3.7
Majority			984	2.5	N/A
Turnout			39,635	74.8	-4.3
	Labour gain from Democratic Labour		Swing

General election February 1974: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic Labour	Dick Taverne	14,780	35.6
	Labour	Margaret Jackson	13,487	32.5
	Conservative	Peter Myles Moran	13,299	32.0
Majority			1,293	3.1
Turnout			41,566	79.1
	Democratic Labour hold		Swing

1973 Lincoln by-election
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Democratic Labour	Dick Taverne	21,967	58.2	+58.2
	Labour	John Dilks	8,776	23.2	−27.8
	Conservative	Jonathan Guinness	6,616	17.5	−21.5
	Democratic Conservative	Reginald Simmerson	198	0.5	New
	Majority Rule	Malcolm Waller	100	0.3	New
	Independent	Jean Justice	81	0.2	New
Majority			13,191	35.0	N/A
Turnout			37,738	72.6	-1.8
	Democratic Labour gain from Labour		Swing

General election 1970: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Dick Taverne	20,090	51.0	-7.3
	Conservative	Richard Alexander	15,340	39.0	-2.7
	Independent Liberal	Gilbert Blades	3,937	10.0	New
Majority			4,750	12.0	-4.6
Turnout			39,367	74.4	-4.3
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1966: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Dick Taverne	23,006	58.3	+10.5
	Conservative	Richard Alexander	16,469	41.7	+5.3
Majority			6,537	16.6	+5.2
Turnout			39,475	78.7	-1.6
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1964: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Dick Taverne	19,737	47.8	-7.3
	Conservative	Michael McNair-Wilson	15,015	36.4	-8.5
	Liberal	Patrick Furnell	6,519	15.8	N/A
Majority			4,722	11.4	+1.2
Turnout			41,271	80.3	-3.8
	Labour hold		Swing

1962 Lincoln by-election: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Dick Taverne	19,038	50.51
	Conservative	Percy Grieve	11,386	30.21
	Liberal	Patrick Furnell	6,856	18.19	New
	Independent	A. Taylor	412	1.09	New
Majority			7,652	20.30
Turnout			37,692
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1959: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Geoffrey de Freitas	23,629	55.1	-1.1
	Conservative	Leslie Herbert Priestley	19,240	44.9	+1.1
Majority			4,389	10.2	-2.2
Turnout			42,869	84.1	-1.8
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1955: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Geoffrey de Freitas	23,773	56.2	+2.1
	Conservative	Peter Emery	18,551	43.8	-2.1
Majority			5,222	12.4	+4.2
Turnout			42,324	85.9	-1.9
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1951: Lincoln
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Geoffrey de Freitas	23,400	54.1	+4.1
	Conservative	Maurice Macmillan	19,840	45.9	+4.6
Majority			3,560	8.2	-0.5
Turnout			43,240	87.8	-0.9
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1950: Lincoln[41]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Labour	Geoffrey de Freitas	21,537	50.0
	National Liberal	Francis Hill	17,784	41.3
	Liberal	Jean Henderson	3,753	8.7
Majority			3,753	8.7
Turnout			43,074	88.7
	Labour hold		Swing

Election in the 1940s

General election 1945: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	George Deer	14,052	41.3	−4.7
	Conservative	Walter Liddall	10,414	30.5	−23.5
	Liberal	Frederick Charles Truman	9,625	28.2	New
Majority			3,638	10.8	N/A
Turnout			34,091	80.3	−3.7
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing	+9.4

General Election 1939/40

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected;

Conservative: Walter Liddall
Labour: George Deer
Liberal:
British Union: E. H. Adams

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1935: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Walter Liddall	17,948	54.0	−4.9
	Labour	George Deer	15,264	46.0	+4.9
Majority			2,684	8.0	−9.8
Turnout			33,212	84.0	−4.9
	Conservative hold		Swing	−4.9

General election 1931: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Walter Liddall	20,688	58.9	+24.6
	Labour	Robert Taylor	14,455	41.1	−2.5
Majority			6,233	17.8	N/A
Turnout			35,123	88.9	+0.4
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing	+13.5

Elections in the 1920s

General election 1929: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Robert Taylor	15,176	43.6	+2.3
	Unionist	Benjamin Garnet Lampard-Vachell	11,978	34.3	−6.8
	Liberal	Robert Pattinson	7,719	22.1	+4.5
Majority			3,198	9.3	+9.1
Turnout			34,873	88.5	0.0
	Labour hold		Swing	+4.5

General election 1924: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Robert Taylor	11,596	41.3	+7.1
	Unionist	George Hamilton	11,557	41.1	−0.9
	Liberal	A. G. Macdonell	4,952	17.6	−6.2
Majority			39	0.2	N/A
Turnout			28,105	88.5	+3.0
	Labour gain from Unionist		Swing	+4.0

General election 1923: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Alfred Davies	11,338	42.0	−17.0
	Labour	Robert Taylor	9,251	34.2	−6.8
	Liberal	A. G. Macdonell	6,447	23.8	New
Majority			2,087	7.8	−10.2
Turnout			27,036	85.5	−0.4
	Unionist hold		Swing	−5.1

General election 1922: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Alfred Davies	15,780	59.0	+11.3
	Labour	Robert Taylor	10,951	41.0	+12.5
Majority			4,829	18.0	−1.2
Turnout			26,731	85.9	+11.5
	Unionist hold		Swing	−0.6

Elections in the 1910s

Roberts

General election 1918: Lincoln[42]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
C	Unionist	Alfred Davies	11,114	47.7	+0.6
	Labour	Robert Taylor	6,658	28.5	New
	Liberal	Charles Roberts	5,550	23.8	−29.1
Majority			4,456	19.2	N/A
Turnout			23,322	74.4	−15.1
	Unionist gain from Liberal		Swing	+14.8
C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

General Election 1914/15

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

Liberal: Charles Roberts
Unionist: J. Foster

Roberts

General election December 1910: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Roberts	5,484	52.9	+2.7
	Conservative	Robert Filmer	4,878	47.1	+17.0
Majority			606	5.8	−14.3
Turnout			10,362	89.5	−3.5
Registered electors			11,577
	Liberal hold		Swing	−7.1

General election January 1910: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Roberts	5,402	50.2	−1.0
	Conservative	Robert Filmer	3,236	30.1	+18.5
	Free Trader	Charles Seely	2,129	19.8	−17.4
Majority			2,166	20.1	+6.1
Turnout			10,767	93.0	−0.8
Registered electors			11,577
	Liberal hold		Swing	−9.8

Elections in the 1900s

General election 1906: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Roberts	5,110	51.2	+1.6
	Free Trader	Charles Seely	3,718	37.2	New
	Conservative	Henry Croft	1,162	11.6	−38.8
Majority			1,392	14.0	N/A
Turnout			9,990	93.8	+4.1
Registered electors			10,645
	Liberal gain from Liberal Unionist		Swing	+20.2

General election 1900: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal Unionist	Charles Seely	4,002	50.4	−1.1
	Liberal	Charles Roberts	3,935	49.6	+1.1
Majority			67	0.8	−2.2
Turnout			7,937	89.7	−2.0
Registered electors			8,846
	Liberal Unionist hold		Swing	−1.1

Elections in the 1890s

General election 1895: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal Unionist	Charles Seely	3,808	51.5	+3.2
	Liberal	William Crosfield	3,590	48.5	−3.2
Majority			218	3.0	N/A
Turnout			7,398	91.7	+2.1
Registered electors			8,068
	Liberal Unionist gain from Liberal		Swing	+3.2

General election 1892: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	William Crosfield	3,410	51.7	+4.3
	Conservative	Frederick Kerans	3,186	48.3	−4.3
Majority			224	3.4	N/A
Turnout			6,596	89.6	+8.9
Registered electors			7,358
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	+4.3

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1886: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Kerans	3,159	52.6	+10.6
	Liberal	William Crosfield	2,851	47.4	−10.6
Majority			308	5.2	N/A
Turnout			6,010	80.7	−5.6
Registered electors			7,444
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+10.6

General election 1885: Lincoln[43]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Joseph Ruston	3,726	58.0	−16.9
	Conservative	Frederick Kerans	2,701	42.0	+16.9
Majority			1,025	16.0	+5.2
Turnout			6,427	86.3	−1.0 (est)
Registered electors			7,444
	Liberal hold		Swing	−16.9

By-election, 16 Jun 1884: Lincoln (1 seat)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Joseph Ruston	3,234	58.8	−16.1
	Conservative	Richard Hall[45]	2,263	41.2	+16.1
Majority			971	17.6	+6.8
Turnout			5,497	81.2	−6.1 (est)
Registered electors			6,769
	Liberal hold		Swing	−16.1

Caused by Palmer's death.

General election 1880: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Seely	3,401	39.0	+6.1
	Liberal	John Hinde Palmer	3,128	35.9	+5.1
	Conservative	Edward Chaplin	2,190	25.1	−11.2
Majority			938	10.8	N/A
Turnout			5,591 (est)	87.3 (est)	+3.0
Registered electors			6,402
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	+5.9
	Liberal hold		Swing	+5.4

Elections in the 1870s

General election 1874: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Edward Chaplin	2,107	36.3	*New*
	Liberal	Charles Seely	1,907	32.9	*N/A*
	Liberal	John Hinde Palmer	1,784	30.8	N/A
Majority			200	5.5	N/A
Turnout			3,953 (est)	84.3 (est)	N/A
Registered electors			4,689
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	N/A
	Liberal hold		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1860s

General election 1868: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Charles Seely	Unopposed
	Liberal	John Hinde Palmer	Unopposed
Registered electors			4,243
	Liberal hold
	Liberal hold

General election 1865: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Seely	878	34.9	+3.9
	Liberal	Edward Heneage	870	34.6	+2.1
	Conservative	John Bramley-Moore	765	30.4	−6.1
Majority			105	4.2	N/A
Turnout			1,639 (est)	95.7 (est)	−0.7
Registered electors			1,713
	Liberal hold		Swing	+3.5
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	+2.6

By-election, 12 February 1862: Lincoln [44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Bramley-Moore	715	50.9	+14.4
	Liberal	John Hinde Palmer	690	49.1	−14.4
Majority			25	1.8	−2.2
Turnout			1,405	94.3	−2.1
Registered electors			1,490
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+14.4

Caused by Heneage's resignation.

By-election, 9 November 1861: Lincoln[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Seely	Unopposed
	Liberal gain from Conservative

Caused by Sibthorp's death.

Elections in the 1850s

General election 1859: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Gervaise Sibthorp	740	36.5	−4.7
	Liberal	George Heneage	658	32.5	+0.6
	Liberal	John Hinde Palmer	629	31.0	+4.1
Majority			82	4.0	−5.3
Turnout			1,384 (est)	96.4 (est)	+24.8
Registered electors			1,435
	Conservative hold		Swing	−4.7
	Liberal hold		Swing	+1.5

General election 1857: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Gervaise Sibthorp	829	41.2	−1.2
	Whig	George Heneage	641	31.9	−1.5
	Radical	John Hinde Palmer	541	26.9	+2.7
Turnout			1,006 (est)	71.6 (est)	−1.0
Registered electors			1,405
Majority			188	9.3	+0.3
	Conservative hold		Swing	−1.3
Majority			100	5.0	−4.2
	Whig hold		Swing	−1.4

By-election, 16 January 1856: Lincoln[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Gervaise Sibthorp	Unopposed
Majority			188	9.3
	Conservative hold

Caused by Sibthorp's death.

General election 1852: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Sibthorp	840	42.4	−7.1
	Whig	George Heneage	661	33.4	+10.3
	Radical	Charles Seely	478	24.2	−3.2
Turnout			990 (est)	72.6 (est)	−1.8
Registered electors			1,363
Majority			179	9.0	+1.6
	Conservative hold		Swing	−8.7
Majority			183	9.2	N/A
	Whig gain from Radical		Swing	+6.8

Elections in the 1840s

By-election, 16 March 1848: Lincoln[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Radical	Thomas Hobhouse	552	52.2	+1.7
	Conservative	Lebbeus Charles Humfrey[46]	505	47.8	−1.7
Majority			47	4.4	0.0
Turnout			1,057	83.2	+8.8
Registered electors			1,271
	Radical hold		Swing	+1.7

Caused by Seely's election being declared void on petition, due to bribery by his agent, on 10 March 1848[47]

General election 1847: Lincoln (2 seats)[44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Sibthorp	659	34.8	+4.8
	Radical	Charles Seely	518	27.4	+8.6
	Whig	Edward Bulwer-Lytton	436	23.1	−1.4
	Conservative	William Rickford Collett	278	14.7	−11.9
Turnout			946 (est)	74.4 (est)	−11.0
Registered electors			1,271
Majority			141	7.4	+5.3
	Conservative hold		Swing	+0.6
Majority			82	4.3	N/A
	Radical gain from Conservative		Swing	+6.1

General election 1841: Lincoln (2 seats)[15][44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Sibthorp	541	30.0	−0.7
	Conservative	William Rickford Collett	481	26.6	+3.2
	Whig	Edward Bulwer-Lytton	443	24.5	−1.6
	Radical	Charles Seely	340	18.8	N/A
Majority			38	2.1	−2.6
Turnout			932	85.4	+2.4
Registered electors			1,091
	Conservative hold		Swing	+0.1
	Conservative gain from Whig		Swing	+2.0

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1837: Lincoln (2 seats)[15][44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Sibthorp	514	30.7	+9.1
	Whig	Edward Bulwer-Lytton	436	26.1	−5.0
	Conservative	Henry Ellis[48]	392	23.4	+1.8
	Whig	Charles Henry Churchill[49]	330	19.7	−6.0
Turnout			864	83.0	+4.3
Registered electors			1,041
Majority			78	4.7	−7.5
	Conservative hold		Swing	+7.3
Majority			44	2.7
	Whig hold		Swing	−5.2

General election 1835: Lincoln (2 seats)[15][44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Sibthorp	565	43.3	+15.3
	Whig	Edward Bulwer-Lytton	406	31.1	−3.0
	Whig	Charles Beaumont Phipps[50]	335	25.7	−12.1
Majority			159	12.2	N/A
Turnout			885	78.7	−5.5
Registered electors			1,124
	Conservative gain from Whig		Swing	+15.2
	Whig hold		Swing	−5.3

General election 1832: Lincoln (2 seats)[15][44]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Whig	George Heneage	543	37.8
	Whig	Edward Bulwer-Lytton	490	34.1
	Tory	Charles Sibthorp	402	28.0
Majority			88	6.1
Turnout			878	84.2
Registered electors			1,043
	Whig hold
	Whig gain from Tory

General election 1831: Lincoln (2 seats)[15][51]
Party		Candidate	Votes
	Tory	Charles Sibthorp	Unopposed
	Whig	George Heneage	Unopposed
Registered electors			c. 1,400
	Tory hold
	Whig gain from Tory

General election 1830: Lincoln (2 seats)[15][51]
Party		Candidate	Votes
	Tory	John Fardell (MP)	Unopposed
	Tory	Charles Sibthorp	Unopposed
Registered electors			c. 1,400
	Tory hold
	Tory gain from Whig

Notes

A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)
As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
Lincoln Cathedral was from 1311 until an intense storm in 1549 the world's tallest building
Changed seat in 1983 to serve Derby South which she has held to date (winning most recently in 2019)

References

"Electorate Figures - Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
"Chap. 23. Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885". The Public General Acts of the United Kingdom passed in the forty-eighth and forty-ninth years of the reign of Queen Victoria. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1885. pp. 111–198.
Members of Parliament 1213-1702. London: House of Commons. 1878.
"SUTTON, John I (d.c.1391), of Lincoln". History of Parliament. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
"SUTTON, Robert (d.1414), of Lincoln". History of Parliament. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
"SALTBY, Robert, of Lincoln". History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
"History of Parliament". Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Payling, S. J. (2006). "Fitzwilliam, Sir Thomas, Speaker of the House of Commons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92985. Retrieved 1 December 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
"History of Parliament". Retrieved 19 September 2011.
"History of Parliament". Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "L" (part 3)
Constantine Phipps later succeeded to the peerage as the 2nd Baron Mulgrave
John Fenton-Cawthorne was expelled from the House of Commons on 2 May 1796
Robert Hobart was known as Robert Hobart until 1793, and as Lord Hobart from 1793 until he acceded to the peerage in 1804 as the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire
Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) [1844-1850]. Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-0-900178-13-9.
Hill, Francis (1974). Victorian Lincoln. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 74. ISBN 978-0-521-20334-0. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
"North Lincolnshire Election". Lincolnshire Chronicle. 23 July 1852. p. 5. Retrieved 19 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
Edward Bulwer was known as Bulwer-Lytton from 1844, and in 1866 became the 1st Baron Lytton
Mosse, Richard Bartholomew (1838). The Parliamentary Guide: a concise history of the Members of both Houses, etc. p. 141. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
Simpson, Roger (Fall 1997). "The Nannau Oak: Bulwer Lytton and his Midsummer Knight at the Westminster Round Table". Arthuriana. 7 (3): 124–136. doi:10.1353/art.1997.0008. JSTOR 27869279. S2CID 154206973.
The election in 1847 of Charles Seely was declared void on 10 March 1848
Dod, Charles Roger; Dod, Robert Phipps (1847). Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Volume 15. Dod's Parliamentary Companion. p. 232. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
Seely, Bob. "About Bob Seely". Bob Seely MP. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
"Pratt to Seely". It's About Lincoln. Angelic Aromas. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
"General Elections". Berkshire Chronicle. 29 July 1837. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"Domestic Intelligence". Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Advertiser. 21 March 1848. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
Edward Heneage was later enobled as Baron Heneage
"Lincoln Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
"Full list of Lincoln candidates for the 2017 general election". The Lincolnite. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
"Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
"Lincoln parliamentary constituency". BBC News. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
"Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
"Election 2010: Lincoln result". BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
"Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
"Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1950.
British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)
Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
"Election Intelligence". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 14 June 1884. p. 5. Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"Kentish Gazette". 14 March 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 24 November 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"Imperial Parliament". Freeman's Journal. 13 March 1848. p. 4. Retrieved 24 November 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"Lincoln Election". Lincolnshire Chronicle. 28 July 1837. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"To the ELECTORS of the NORTHERN DIVISION of the COUNTY of NORTHAMPTON". Stamford Mercury. 14 July 1837. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.
"Nomination for the City of Lincoln". Stamford Mercury. 9 January 1835. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.
Fisher, David R. "Lincoln". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 16 April 2020.

Sources

Guardian Unlimited Politics (Election results from 1992 to the present)
Politicsresources.net - Official Web Site ✔ (Election results from 1951 to the present)
Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1977]. British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-900178-26-9.
Craig, F. W. S. (1989) [1974]. British parliamentary election results 1885–1918 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-900178-27-6.
Craig, F. W. S. (1983) [1969]. British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-900178-06-1.

53.23°N 0.54°W / 53.23; -0.54

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[2] A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)

[3] As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.

[5] Lincoln Cathedral was from 1311 until an intense storm in 1549 the world's tallest building

[6] Changed seat in 1983 to serve Derby South which she has held to date (winning most recently in 2019)

[1] "Electorate Figures - Boundary Commission for England". 2011 Electorate Figures. Boundary Commission for England. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

[4] "Chap. 23. Redistribution of Seats Act, 1885". The Public General Acts of the United Kingdom passed in the forty-eighth and forty-ninth years of the reign of Queen Victoria. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1885. pp. 111–198.

[Members-7] Members of Parliament 1213-1702. London: House of Commons. 1878.

[HoPJS-8] "SUTTON, John I (d.c.1391), of Lincoln". History of Parliament. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

[HoPRS-9] "SUTTON, Robert (d.1414), of Lincoln". History of Parliament. Retrieved 9 June 2017.

[HoPx-10] "SALTBY, Robert, of Lincoln". History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 July 2014.

[HoP1-11] "History of Parliament". Retrieved 19 September 2011.

[12] Payling, S. J. (2006). "Fitzwilliam, Sir Thomas, Speaker of the House of Commons". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/92985. Retrieved 1 December 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[HoP2-13] "History of Parliament". Retrieved 19 September 2011.

[HoP3-14] "History of Parliament". Retrieved 19 September 2011.

[rayment-15] Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "L" (part 3)

[16] Constantine Phipps later succeeded to the peerage as the 2nd Baron Mulgrave

[17] John Fenton-Cawthorne was expelled from the House of Commons on 2 May 1796

[18] Robert Hobart was known as Robert Hobart until 1793, and as Lord Hobart from 1793 until he acceded to the peerage in 1804 as the 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire

[stooks-smith-19] Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) [1844-1850]. Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-0-900178-13-9.

[francishill-20] Hill, Francis (1974). Victorian Lincoln. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 74. ISBN 978-0-521-20334-0. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[heneage1852-21] "North Lincolnshire Election". Lincolnshire Chronicle. 23 July 1852. p. 5. Retrieved 19 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[22] Edward Bulwer was known as Bulwer-Lytton from 1844, and in 1866 became the 1st Baron Lytton

[mosse-23] Mosse, Richard Bartholomew (1838). The Parliamentary Guide: a concise history of the Members of both Houses, etc. p. 141. Retrieved 24 November 2018.

[24] Simpson, Roger (Fall 1997). "The Nannau Oak: Bulwer Lytton and his Midsummer Knight at the Westminster Round Table". Arthuriana. 7 (3): 124–136. doi:10.1353/art.1997.0008. JSTOR 27869279. S2CID 154206973.

[25] The election in 1847 of Charles Seely was declared void on 10 March 1848

[26] Dod, Charles Roger; Dod, Robert Phipps (1847). Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Volume 15. Dod's Parliamentary Companion. p. 232. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[27] Seely, Bob. "About Bob Seely". Bob Seely MP. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[28] "Pratt to Seely". It's About Lincoln. Angelic Aromas. Retrieved 19 May 2018.

[29] "General Elections". Berkshire Chronicle. 29 July 1837. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[30] "Domestic Intelligence". Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Advertiser. 21 March 1848. p. 1. Retrieved 14 May 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[31] Edward Heneage was later enobled as Baron Heneage

[32] "Lincoln Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

[33] "Full list of Lincoln candidates for the 2017 general election". The Lincolnite. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

[electoralcalculus-34] "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

[35] "Lincoln parliamentary constituency". BBC News. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

[electoralcalculus2010-36] "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

[37] "Election 2010: Lincoln result". BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2023.

[electoralcalculus2005-38] "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus2001-39] "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus1997-40] "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus1992-41] "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[42] "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.

[electoralcalculus1987-43] "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[electoralcalculus1983-44] "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[45] The Times' Guide to the House of Commons. 1950.

[ReferenceB-46] British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig

[ReferenceA-47] British parliamentary election results, 1885-1918 (Craig)

[craig1832-48] Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.

[49] "Election Intelligence". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. 14 June 1884. p. 5. Retrieved 3 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[50] "Kentish Gazette". 14 March 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 24 November 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[51] "Imperial Parliament". Freeman's Journal. 13 March 1848. p. 4. Retrieved 24 November 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[52] "Lincoln Election". Lincolnshire Chronicle. 28 July 1837. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[53] "To the ELECTORS of the NORTHERN DIVISION of the COUNTY of NORTHAMPTON". Stamford Mercury. 14 July 1837. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[54] "Nomination for the City of Lincoln". Stamford Mercury. 9 January 1835. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2020 – via British Newspaper Archive.

[hop1820-1832-55] Fisher, David R. "Lincoln". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 16 April 2020.