Level 9 Computing

Level 9 was a British developer of computer software, active between 1981 and 1991. Founded by Mike, Nicholas and Pete Austin, the company produced software for the BBC Micro, Nascom, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Oric, Atari, Lynx 48k, RML 380Z, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Amiga, Apple II, Memotech MTX, and Enterprise platforms[1] and is best known for its successful text adventure games until a general decline in the text adventure market forced their closure in June 1991.

Level 9 Computing
Founded1981
FounderMike Austin
Pete Austin
Nick Austin
Defunct1991
Headquarters
United Kingdom
ProductsVideo games
This version of Return to Eden illustrates the general cover design used for most of Level 9's self-published releases. The "L9" logo is used as a background motif.

Level 9's first release was an extension to Nascom BASIC called Extension Basic.[2] The first game, also for the Nascom, was called Fantasy and was similar to Valhalla, but with no graphics.[3] Other products from that era were Missile Defence, Bomber and Space Invasion — all for the Nascom.[4] The tapes were duplicated and sent out by mail order by the brothers based on orders generated by the classified advertisements they ran in the Computing Today magazine. They were originally based in High Wycombe, Bucks[5] before moving to the West Country.[6]

A-code

Level 9 devised their own interpretation language, A-code, around 1979. It was very memory efficient, mainly due to the advanced text compression routines which could compress texts to about 50%.[7] The game data, which was identical for all platforms, was incorporated into the executable file for specific machines, together with the interpreter part. A-code underwent a few revisions: there are three distinct versions in all, plus several extensions which form new A-code versions of their own.

(Level 9 A-code should not be confused with the A-code language developed by Dave Platt in 1979 for the purpose of writing the highly popular 550 points extension of the original Adventure game.)

In some ways A-code and the A-machine virtual machine were even more impressive than rival Infocom's ZIL and Z-machine; both companies initially designed games for computers with 32K RAM and ZIL was in many ways more sophisticated. But Infocom products of the era required a disk drive, alleviating the memory restrictions of the platforms of the time. Level 9 due to different dynamics in the British market had to deliver their text adventures on cassette tapes, which generally meant that programs had to be loaded in one go and that they had to completely fit into memory.[8] Andrew Deeley, who worked for Level 9 on Software Development, recalls how the use of the A-Code interpreter enabled L9 to produce hundreds of cross platform versions of their entire catalogue in the space of 18 months, "with so many 8 bit computers on the markets and the introduction of Macs, Amigas and Atari STs, developing for cross platform versions of a game was becoming prohibitive in cost back in the late 1980s / early 1990s. Level 9 were able to hold their own as a small developer because they were able to optimise cross platform production of their games".[7] The first game to use this system was Colossal Adventure in early 1982, a faithful conversion of Adventure by Will Crowther and Don Woods,[9] but with 70 extra locations[10] to the end game to fulfill Level 9's preexisting claim in advertisements of "over 200" locations; a remarkable achievement given that Gordon Letwin's port of Adventure to the TRS-80 required a disk drive. That year the company produced two sequels, Adventure Quest and Dungeon Adventure,[8] both of which featured the Demon Lord Agaliarept. The three titles became known as the Middle-earth trilogy,[5] with a reference in the instructions to Dungeon Adventure to the city of Minas Tirith, which features in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.[3] When enhanced versions of the three games were published by Rainbird Software, the reference to Middle-earth was quietly deleted; the series became known as Jewels of Darkness; and Minas Tirith became Valaii. In 1985 Level 9 started to develop their games for disk based systems also.[6]

Snowball was the first adventure in the Silicon Dreams trilogy, followed by Return to Eden and The Worm in Paradise.[10] Red Moon and its sequel The Price of Magik were bundled together with Lords of Time by Mandarin Software to create yet another trilogy: Time and Magik.

"Lancelot" was published by Mandarin Software, a division of Europress Software in 1988. The first person to solve the puzzle in the game won a replica of the Holy Grail, made of solid silver, encrusted with semi-precious stones (amethysts, garnets and opals), with the inside plated in 22-carat gold.

List of software
  • Extension BASIC for the Nascom (198x)
  • rqFORTH for the BBC Micro (198x)
  • rqFORTH toolkit for the BBC Micro (198x)
  • Compass for the Lynx (198x)

List of arcade games
  • Fantasy (198x)
  • Space Invasion (198x)
  • Bomber (198x)
  • Missile Defence (198x)

List of text adventure games

References
  1. https://www.mocagh.org/rainbird/level9-history.pdf
  2. "Level 9 - Masters of Adventure (and nice people too!)". Page 6 (34): 12–18. July 1988.
  3. "On the level". Sinclair User (38): 60. May 1985.
  4. "Level 9 - Past Masters of the Adventure Game" (PDF). Red Herring: 41–50. Oct 1992.
  5. "Level 9 Advertiesment", Personal Computer Games (4): 30, March 1984
  6. "Level 9 On the Move", C+VG, Future Publishing (43): 106, May 1985
  7. "Company Profile: Level 9". 2008-12-16. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-08.
  8. Maher, Jimmy (2012-10-22). "Level 9". The Digital Antiquarian. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  9. Graham, Nelson (2001). The Inform Designer's Manual (PDF). Dan Sanderson. p. 349. ISBN 0-9713119-0-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-07.
  10. "An Interview with Pete Austin".
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