Leavenworth, Kansas

Leavenworth (/ˈlɛvənˌwɜːrθ/) is the county seat and largest city of Leavenworth County, Kansas, United States[1] and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 37,351.[5][6] It is located on the west bank of the Missouri River. The site of Fort Leavenworth, built in 1827, the city became known in American history for its role as a key supply base in the settlement of the American West. During the American Civil War, many volunteers joined the Union Army from Leavenworth. The city has been notable as the location of several prisons, particularly the United States Disciplinary Barracks and United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth.[7]

Leavenworth, Kansas
City and County seat
Downtown Leavenworth (2014)
Downtown Leavenworth (2014)
Official seal of Leavenworth, Kansas
Seal
Motto: 
First City of Kansas
Location within Leavenworth County and Kansas
Location within Leavenworth County and Kansas
KDOT map of Leavenworth County (legend)
KDOT map of Leavenworth County (legend)
Coordinates: 39°19′22″N 94°55′27″W[1]
CountryUnited States
StateKansas
CountyLeavenworth
Founded1854
Incorporated1855
Government
[2]
 • TypeCommission-Manager
 • MayorJermaine Wilson ([3]
 • City ManagerPaul Kramer[3]
Area
[4]
 • Total24.31 sq mi (62.95 km2)
 • Land24.24 sq mi (62.79 km2)
 • Water0.06 sq mi (0.16 km2)
Elevation
[1]
840 ft (260 m)
Population
 (2020)[5][6]
 • Total37,351
 • Density1,500/sq mi (590/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
66043, 66048
Area code913
GNIS ID485610[1]
Websiteleavenworthks.org

History
See also: History of Kansas

Leavenworth, founded in 1854, was the first city incorporated in the territory of Kansas.[8] The city developed south of Fort Leavenworth, which was established as Cantonment Leavenworth in 1827 by Colonel Henry Leavenworth.[9] Its location on the Missouri River attracted refugee African-American slaves in the antebellum years, who were seeking freedom from the slave state of Missouri across the river. Abolition supporters helped them find refuge. In the years before the American Civil War, Leavenworth was a hotbed of anti-slavery and pro-slavery agitation, often leading to open physical confrontations on the street and in public meetings.

On April 3, 1858, the "Leavenworth Constitution" for the state of Kansas was adopted here. Although the federal government never approved this early version of the state constitution, it was considered one of the most radical of the four constitutions drafted for the new territory because it recognized freed blacks as citizens.[10]

Refugee African Americans continued to settle in the city during the war. By 1865 it had attracted nearly one-fifth of the 12,000 blacks in the state.[11] In 1866, the 10th Regiment of Cavalry, an all-black unit within the U.S. Army, was stood up at Fort Leavenworth.[12] Charles Henry Langston was an African-American leader from Boston who worked and lived in Leavenworth and northeast Kansas in the Reconstruction era and afterward. In Kansas, Langston worked for black suffrage and the right of African Americans to sit on juries, testify in court, and have their children educated in common schools.[13] African Americans gained suffrage in 1870 after passage of the federal 15th constitutional amendment, and the legislature voted for their right to sit on juries in 1874.[13]

African Americans continued to migrate to the state of Kansas after the war. There were a total of 17,108 African Americans in Kansas in 1870, with 43,107 in 1880, and 52,003 by 1900. Most lived in urban areas.[11]

20th century to present

Fred Alexander, a 22-year-old black veteran of the Spanish–American War, was arrested on circumstantial evidence following months of assaults on young white women in late 1900. Witnesses had identified a "large white man" and a "slight black man" as having been seen in the vicinity of the attacks, Police moved him to the penitentiary during questioning, but a lynch mob was forming in Leavenworth.[14] The sheriff needed to bring him to Leavenworth for arraignment at the county court. He refused the governor's offer of state militia, and was unable to protect the prisoner. On January 15, 1901, Alexander was taken from jail by a mob of 5,000 people and to the site of the murder of Pearl Forbes, where he was brutally lynched: burned alive.[15] He protested his innocence to the end. An inquest concluded he had been killed by "persons unknown".

His family refused to claim his body for burial. His father Alfred Alexander, an exoduster, said "The people have mutilated him, now let them bury him."[14] The city arranged burial. African Americans in the region were horrified at Alexander's murder by the mob and created the first state chapter of the Afro-American Council, then the only national organization working for civil rights.[14] (The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded a few years later, and absorbed most members of the AAC.)

In 1972 Benjamin Day became the city's first African-American mayor.[16] Day had been elected to the City Commission one year earlier. Leavenworth appoints its mayor from among the members of the Commission, and Day was named mayor in 1971. Day was a former educator and principal in Leavenworth.

Fort Leavenworth was located outside the city limits until its territory was annexed by the city on April 12, 1977.[17]

In 2008, an underground series of "vaults" was found in the city, apparently built during the late 19th century.[18]

Geography
Leavenworth is on the west bank of the Missouri River

Leavenworth is located in northeastern Kansas at the junction of U.S. Route 73 and Kansas Highway 92 (K-92), Leavenworth is 25 mi (40 km) northwest of downtown Kansas City, 145 mi (233 km) south-southeast of Omaha, and 165 mi (266 km) northeast of Wichita.[19][20]

The city lies on the west bank of the Missouri River in the Dissected Till Plains region of North America's Central Lowlands.[20][21] Four small tributaries of the river flow generally east through the city. From north to south, these are Quarry Creek, Corral Creek, Three Mile Creek, and Five Mile Creek.[22]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.06 square miles (62.32 km2), of which, 24.04 square miles (62.26 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2) is water.[23] Fort Leavenworth occupies the northern half of the city's area.[22]

Leavenworth, along with the rest of Leavenworth County, lies within the Kansas City metropolitan area.[24] Lansing, Kansas, is located to the south.[22]

Climate

Leavenworth experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), with hot, humid summers and cold, drier winters. On average, January is the coldest month, July is the hottest month, and June is the wettest month.[25]

The average temperature in Leavenworth is 55.2 °F or 12.9 °C.[26] Over the course of a year, temperatures range from an average low of 19 °F or −7.2 °C in January to an average high of 90 °F or 32.2 °C in July.[25] The high temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F or 32.2 °C an average of 43 afternoons per year and reaches or exceeds 100 °F or 37.8 °C an average of four afternoons per year. The minimum temperature falls below the freezing point of 32 °F or 0 °C an average of 107 mornings per year.[26] The hottest temperature recorded in Leavenworth was 110 °F (43.3 °C) in 1954; the coldest temperature recorded was −27 °F (−32.8 °C) in 1989.[25]

In an average year, Leavenworth experiences 89.7 days with measurable precipitation and receives 42.97 inches or 1,091.4 millimetres of precipitation.[25][26] Typically, the first fall freeze occurs by the third week of October, and the last spring freeze occurs by the second week of April.[26] Annual snowfall averages 16.1 inches or 0.41 metres.[25] Measurable snowfall occurs an average of eight days per year with at least an inch of snow being received on five of those days. Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 15 days a year.[26] Severe thunderstorms sometimes occur, particularly during the spring months. These produce strong winds and, sometimes, large hail. These storms also bring the risk of tornadoes.

Climate data for Leavenworth, Kansas
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 74
(23)		 81
(27)		 87
(31)		 93
(34)		 97
(36)		 106
(41)		 110
(43)		 108
(42)		 104
(40)		 95
(35)		 84
(29)		 70
(21)		 110
(43)
Average high °F (°C) 39
(4)		 45
(7)		 56
(13)		 67
(19)		 76
(24)		 85
(29)		 90
(32)		 88
(31)		 80
(27)		 68
(20)		 54
(12)		 41
(5)		 66
(19)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29
(−2)		 34
(1)		 44
(7)		 55
(13)		 65
(18)		 74
(23)		 79
(26)		 77
(25)		 68
(20)		 57
(14)		 44
(7)		 32
(0)		 55
(13)
Average low °F (°C) 19
(−7)		 24
(−4)		 33
(1)		 43
(6)		 54
(12)		 63
(17)		 69
(21)		 67
(19)		 57
(14)		 46
(8)		 33
(1)		 23
(−5)		 44
(7)
Record low °F (°C) −17
(−27)		 −19
(−28)		 −10
(−23)		 4
(−16)		 27
(−3)		 42
(6)		 45
(7)		 41
(5)		 30
(−1)		 18
(−8)		 −2
(−19)		 −27
(−33)		 −27
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.03
(26)		 1.53
(39)		 2.74
(70)		 4.04
(103)		 5.38
(137)		 5.92
(150)		 5.20
(132)		 4.49
(114)		 4.82
(122)		 3.78
(96)		 2.45
(62)		 1.59
(40)		 42.97
(1,091)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 4.4
(11)		 5.3
(13)		 1.7
(4.3)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.2
(0.51)		 0.7
(1.8)		 3.8
(9.7)		 16.1
(40.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.7 5.1 7.9 8.9 11.2 9.9 7.5 8.0 7.6 7.3 6.4 5.2 89.7
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 2.3 2.3 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 2.1 7.9
Source: National Weather Service;[26] The Weather Channel[25]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18607,429—
187017,873140.6%
188016,546−7.4%
189019,76819.5%
190020,7354.9%
191019,363−6.6%
192016,912−12.7%
193017,4663.3%
194019,22010.0%
195020,5797.1%
196022,0527.2%
197025,14714.0%
198033,65633.8%
199038,49514.4%
200035,420−8.0%
201035,251−0.5%
202037,3516.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[27]
2010-2020[6]

Leavenworth is the 10th most populated city in the Kansas City metropolitan area.[24]

2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 35,251 people, 12,256 households, and 8,129 families residing in the city.[28] The population density was 1,466 inhabitants per square mile (566/km2). There were 13,670 housing units at an average density of 568.6 per square mile (219.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.4% White, 15.1% African American, 0.9% American Indian, 1.8% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 8.1% of the population.[28]

There were 12,256 households, of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.7% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55, and the average family size was 3.15.[28]

The median age in the city was 34.8 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 10% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.9% male and 46.1% female.[28]

The median income for a household in the city was $49,823, and the median income for a family was $61,576. Males had a median income of $49,693 versus $30,888 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,102. About 9.8% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.[28]

Religion

Leavenworth contains a number of religious traditions stemming from its history and international military population. In the mid to late 19th century, Leavenworth had one of the largest Jewish communities in Kansas, made up of immigrants from Europe.[29] Leavenworth had multiple Orthodox congregations by 1870. Over generations many Jews ultimately intermarried and their descendants became Christian.[30]

There are two United Methodist Churches, the First United Methodist Church and Trinity United Methodist Church. Other Protestant churches include Lutheran, Episcopal, Southern Baptist, American Baptist, African Methodist Episcopal, United Church of Christ, Presbyterian, Community Church of Christ, Church of the Nazarene, Grace and Truth Fellowship, Assemblies of God, and Seventh-Day Adventist. Other religious institutions include a Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Islamic Center of Leavenworth, A few churches conduct services in Hangul.

Leavenworth is part of the Archdiocese of Kansas City, Kansas, with two Roman Catholic parishes in the city. Leavenworth was originally the Roman Catholic Diocese of the Indian Territory. It stretched some 600 miles from the West bank of the Missouri River to the summit of the Rockies, and about three times that distance from the Canadian border on the North to the Red River on the South. John Baptist Miège was the first Bishop of the Leavenworth Archdiocese, and erected the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, completed in 1854 and dedicated on December 8, 1854 on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. It remained the Cathedral until Bishop George Donnelly moved the see city of the Diocese to Kansas City Kansas in 1947.

Economy

As of 2010, 58.6% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 7.8% was in the armed forces, and 50.8% was in the civilian labor force with 47.0% being employed and 3.8% unemployed. The composition, by occupation, of the employed civilian labor force was: 34.5% in management, business, science, and arts; 22.8% in sales and office occupations; 23.2% in service occupations; 8.4% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance; 11.0% in production, transportation, and material moving. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: educational services, health care, and social assistance (22.7%); public administration (15.6%); and retail trade (13.0%).[28] The U.S. military at Fort Leavenworth is the city's largest employer, employing roughly 5,600 people, followed by Leavenworth Public Schools and the Department of Veteran Affairs Eastern Kansas Health Care System.[31]

The cost of living in Leavenworth is below average; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the city is 87.1.[32] As of 2010, the median home value in the city was $124,200, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,282 for housing units with a mortgage and $428 for those without, and the median gross rent was $762.[28]

Top employers
Grant Hall, the symbol of Fort Leavenworth and headquarters of the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center

According to the town's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[33] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Fort Leavenworth 4,185
2 U.S.D. 453 996
3 Dwight D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center 700
4 Northrop Grumman 700
5 Central Plains Consolidated Accounts 400
6 Cubic Defense Applications Group 390
7 Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary 380
8 Leavenworth County 352
9 Walmart Supercenter 350
10 Hallmark Cards, Inc 260

Arts and culture
Haymarket Square (2013)
The Richard Allen Cultural Center in Leavenworth, Kansas, is a museum that includes the home of a former black U.S. Army soldier. The museum shares the histories of African Americans living on the Kansas frontier during pioneer days to the present, especially those serving in the U.S. Army.

Museums

The C.W. Parker Carousel Museum is listed as one of the "8 Wonders of Kansas Customs" by the Kansas Sampler Foundation.[34]

The Fred Harvey Museum, owned and operated by the Leavenworth Historical Museum Association, offers insights into the Harvey family and information about the chain of Harvey Houses in the American Southwest.[35]

The Leavenworth County Historical Society maintains a museum at the Edward Carroll House, a Victorian-era mansion that is open to the public for touring.[36]

The Richard Allen Cultural Center and Museum contains items and artifacts from African-American pioneers and members of the military, including the "Black Dignity" collection of 1870s-1920s photographs from the Mary Everhard Collection.

Events

Leavenworth enjoys year-round plays and musicals performed by a community theater group, the River City Community Players.

The Annual Saint Patrick's Day Parade is held each year since 1984 on March 17 at 12 noon in downtown Leavenworth. The day begins with a 9:00 a.m. Roman Catholic Mass at the Church of the Immaculate Conception, "The Old Cathedral": ancestral home of the Irish of Leavenworth. Various fraternal and civic clubs and restaurants host events; monies raised above Parade costs are donated to local charities.

Military
Leavenworth County Veterans Day Parade takes place every year in downtown Leavenworth

A parade is held each year on Veterans' Day in downtown Leavenworth to honor veterans. Leavenworth has an active Byron H. Mehl American Legion Post #23 and Veterans of Foreign Wars George Edward White Post 56. Leavenworth High School boasts the very first Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps in the country.

Points of interest

Leavenworth has a 28-block historic shopping district, which includes antique shops, restaurants, a brewery and a variety of artisan gift shops.

Haymarket Square is a covered lot where a local farmer's market takes place from May to October.

Parks and recreation
Wollman Aquatic Center at 13th and Shawnee streets in Leavenworth, Kansas.

The Leavenworth Parks and Recreation Department maintains a system of more than 25 public parks as well as Riverfront Community Center, which includes an indoor cardio room and pool, and Wollman Aquatic Center. An off-leash dog park near the Dwight D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center was built with public donations in 2010.

Government
Leavenworth City Hall (2009)

Leavenworth is a city of the first class with a commission-manager form of government.[37] The city commission is the city's governing body and consists of five members, including the mayor and the mayor pro-tem. It sets city policies, adopts the city government's annual operating budget, and appoints city boards, commissions, and officials, including the city manager. Commissioners are elected to either four-year or two-year terms; one is appointed to serve as mayor, and another to serve as mayor pro-tem.[38] The commission meets on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month.[37] The city manager is the city's chief executive, responsible for the day-to-day administration of the city government. The manager supervises all city government departments and employees, prepares and proposes the annual operating budget, and recommends policies to the city commission.[39]

As the county seat, Leavenworth is the administrative center of Leavenworth County. The county courthouse is located south of downtown at 4th and Walnut streets, and all departments of the county government base their operations in the city.[40]

Leavenworth lies within Kansas's 2nd U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is in the 5th district of the Kansas Senate and the 40th, 41st, and 42nd districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.[37]

The United States Department of Veterans Affairs operates the Dwight D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Leavenworth as part of its Eastern Kansas Health Care System.[41] The Medical Center includes a Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy (CMOP), part of an initiative to provide mail-order prescriptions to veterans using automated systems at strategic locations throughout the United States, as well as the Central Plains Consolidated Patient Account Center (CPAC), a billing and collection agency.[42][43]

Fort Leavenworth
Main article: Fort Leavenworth

Fort Leavenworth, known as the "Intellectual Center of the Army", is home to the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center. It is also home to the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, the Center for Army Leadership, the Combat Studies Institute, the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, the Center for Army Lessons Learned and the Mission Command Center of Excellence.

Prisons

Leavenworth is the location of several federal and state detention centers and prisons:

Education
Former Leavenworth Carnegie Library (2012)

Primary and secondary education

Two public school districts serve the city. The majority of the city lies within Leavenworth USD 453, which operates six schools: four elementary schools, one middle school, and Leavenworth High School. USD 453 also operates Leavenworth Virtual School, an Internet-based school for students from grades Kindergarten through eighth grade.[44] Senior high school students from Fort Leavenworth attend Leavenworth High School.[45] 5th and 6th graders attend Richard Warren Middle School, which recently completed construction of a technology extension to the original building.[46][47] Fort Leavenworth USD 207 encompasses Fort Leavenworth and operates three elementary schools and one junior high school.[48]

There are also three private schools in Leavenworth. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas oversees one Catholic school, Xavier Elementary School (Grades Pre-K-8).[49] Immaculata High School (Kansas) closed at the end of the 2016-2017 school year. The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod operates one Lutheran school, St. Paul Lutheran School (Pre-K-8).[50]

Colleges and universities

The main campus of University of Saint Mary, a four-year, private Catholic university, is in Leavenworth.[51] In addition, Kansas City Kansas Community College operates a satellite campus in the city.[52]

Media

The Leavenworth Times, published by CherryRoad Media is the city's daily newspaper.[53] CherryRoad Media also publishes The Fort Leavenworth Lamp, a weekly newspaper covering local military news, on contract with the U.S. Army.[53]

Leavenworth is in the Kansas City radio and television markets.[54][55] Two radio stations are licensed in the city: KKLO broadcasts from Leavenworth on 1410 AM, a Fox News affiliate; KQRC-FM broadcasts from Mission, Kansas on 98.9 FM, playing a Rock format.[56] The major regional newspaper is the Kansas City Star.

Transportation

In April 2023, RideLV began to provide dial-a-ride transit service within the city. The service is operated by the Guidance Center in partnership with the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority.[57] However, Leavenworth remains the largest city in Kansas without fixed-route public transit service.

Leavenworth is the setting for "Hurt People", a 2009 novel by Cote Smith.[58]

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Leavenworth, Kansas
See also: List of people from Leavenworth County, Kansas; List of inmates of United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth; and List of University of Saint Mary people

Political activist Charles Henry Langston lived and worked here (1863-1870), assisting African-American refugees from slave states and, after the Civil War, working for black suffrage and equal rights of blacks in the West; he moved to Lawrence for the remainder of his life. General of the Army and 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower once served at Fort Leavenworth.[59] Both Buffalo Bill Cody and Wild Bill Hickok lived and worked in Leavenworth during its Old West frontier period.[60][61]

Other notable individuals who were born in and/or have lived in Leavenworth include rock musician Melissa Etheridge,[62] restaurant entrepreneur Fred Harvey,[63] architect Frank Jacobus, Broadway producer and Tony Awards founder Brock Pemberton, U.S. Supreme Court justice David Josiah Brewer,[64] and former NBA player, Wayne Anthony Simien.

Sister cities
  • Marker relating the history of Leavenworth, Kansas.
    Marker relating the history of Leavenworth, Kansas.
  • Plaque (2013) memorializing soldiers from Leavenworth County who were killed in action during World War II and Korea.
    Plaque (2013) memorializing soldiers from Leavenworth County who were killed in action during World War II and Korea.
  • The Leavenworth Veterans Memorial was erected in 2013 to honor and remember service members who died during the Global War on Terror era.
    The Leavenworth Veterans Memorial was erected in 2013 to honor and remember service members who died during the Global War on Terror era.
  • First Presbyterian Church (2012)
    First Presbyterian Church (2012)
  • Fall color at North Esplanade Park, the first park founded in the first City of Kansas.
    Fall color at North Esplanade Park, the first park founded in the first City of Kansas.
  • David Brewer Park in Leavenworth, Kansas, named for David Josiah Brewer, former U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
    David Brewer Park in Leavenworth, Kansas, named for David Josiah Brewer, former U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
  • Home of David Josiah Brewer, former U.S. Supreme Court Justice, when he lived in Leavenworth, Kansas.
    Home of David Josiah Brewer, former U.S. Supreme Court Justice, when he lived in Leavenworth, Kansas.
  • Edward Carroll House, operating since 1965 as a Victorian house museum
    Edward Carroll House, operating since 1965 as a Victorian house museum
  • Riverfront Community Center, a former Union Station train depot.
    Riverfront Community Center, a former Union Station train depot.
  • A. J. Angell House
    A. J. Angell House
  • US Penitentiary, Leavenworth
    US Penitentiary, Leavenworth
  • Nathaniel Burt House
    Nathaniel Burt House
  • Abernathy Furniture Co. building was converted to lofts in the early 2000s.
    Abernathy Furniture Co. building was converted to lofts in the early 2000s.
  • Merritt Insley House
    Merritt Insley House

See also

References
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  2. Government Archived 2012-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
  3. "Leavenworth City Commission". City of Leavenworth. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
  4. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
  5. "Profile of Leavenworth, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 19, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022.
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  8. "Visitors". City of Leavenworth, Kansas. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  9. Hall, Jesse A. and Hand LeRoy T. (1921). History of Leavenworth County Kansas. Historical Publishing Company. pp. 116.
  10. "Kansas Memory, "Leavenworth Constitution"" (Images of historic documents). Kansas Memory, "Leavenworth Constitution". Kansas Historical Foundation. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  11. Richard B. Sheridan, "Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas", Kansas State History, Winter 1999, accessed 15 December 2008.
  12. "Tenth Regiment of Cavalry". U.S. Army. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  13. Eugene H. Berwanger (1979). "Hardin and Langston: Western Black Spokesmen of the Reconstruction Era". Journal of Negro History. 64 (Spring 1979): 101–115. doi:10.2307/2717202. JSTOR 2717202. S2CID 149978378. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  14. Shawn Leigh Alexander, "Vengeance Without Justice, Injustice Without Retribution/ The Afro-American Council’s Struggle Against Racial Violence", Great Plains Quarterly, Center for Great Plains Studies, Spring 2007; accessed 02 June 2018
  15. Christopher Lovett, "A Public Burning: Race, Sex, and the Lynching of Fred Alexander", Kansas State Historical Society, Summer 2010; accessed 02 June 2018
  16. "Benjamin Day Papers". Benjamin Day Papers. University of Kansas Libraries. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  17. "United States v. City of Leavenworth, Kansas". Leagle. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  18. "Mystery Surrounds Leavenworth's Underground City". KCTV5. August 7, 2008. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
  19. "City Distance Tool". Geobytes. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  20. "2003-2004 Official Transportation Map" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation. 2003. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  21. "Phase I Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Tetra Tech, Inc. July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  22. "City of Leavenworth (map)" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation. August 2008. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  23. "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
  24. "State and Metropolitan Area Data Book: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 201. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  25. "Average weather for Leavenworth, KS". The Weather Channel. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  26. "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service Forecast Office - Kansas City/Pleasant Hill. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  27. United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved November 30, 2014.
  28. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  29. "Leavenworth", Jewish Encyclopedia
  30. "Judaism" Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine, Kansas University
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Further reading
See also: List of books about Kansas, including historical information about its counties and cities
See also: List of books about Leavenworth County, Kansas
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leavenworth, Kansas.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Leavenworth.
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