Kvænangen

Kvænangen (Northern Sami: Návuotna; Kven: Naavuono) is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Burfjord. The European route E6 highway goes through the municipality and over the Sørstraumen Bridge, and many people stop at the Kvænangsfjellet pass to view the scenery of the Kvænangen fjord.[3]

For the fjord in Troms, Norway, see Kvænangen (fjord).
Kvænangen kommune
Návuona suohkan
Naavuonon komuuni
Municipality
Isfjordjøkelen, part of Øksfjordjøkelen glacier seen from Varberget
Isfjordjøkelen, part of Øksfjordjøkelen glacier seen from Varberget
Flag of Kvænangen kommune
Flag
Coat of arms of Kvænangen kommune
Coat of arms
Official logo of Kvænangen kommune
Troms og Finnmark within
Norway
Kvænangen within Troms og Finnmark
Kvænangen within Troms og Finnmark
Coordinates: 69°53′39″N 21°58′49″E
CountryNorway
CountyTroms og Finnmark
DistrictNord-Troms
Established1863
 • Preceded bySkjervøy Municipality
Administrative centreBurfjord
Government
 • Mayor (2015)Eirik Losnegaard Mevik (Ap)
Area
 • Total2,109.31 km2 (814.41 sq mi)
 • Land2,008.47 km2 (775.47 sq mi)
 • Water100.84 km2 (38.93 sq mi)  4.8%
 • Rank#32 in Norway
Population
 (2022)
 • Total1,159
 • Rank#323 in Norway
 • Density0.6/km2 (2/sq mi)
 • Change (10 years)
Decrease −9.7%
DemonymKvænangsværing[1]
Official language
[2]
 • Norwegian formNeutral
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeNO-5429
WebsiteOfficial website
Data from Statistics Norway

The 2,109-square-kilometre (814 sq mi) municipality is the 32nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Kvænangen is the 323rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,159. The municipality's population density is 0.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (1.6/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 9.7% over the previous 10-year period.[4][5]

General information

The municipality of Kvænangen was established in 1863 when it was separated from the large Skjervøy Municipality. The initial population of Kvænangen was 1,677. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1965, the Meiland area (population: 12) of Skjervøy Municipality was transferred to Kvænangen. On 1 January 1972, the uninhabited area of Mannskarvik was transferred from Skjervøy to Kvænanagen.[6]

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county. Previously, it had been part of the old Troms county.[7]

Name

The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the local Kvænangen fjord (Old Norse: Kven(a)angr) since the fjord is the central geographic feature for the municipality. The first element kven is the plural genitive case of the name of the Kven people who at one time were the majority of the local residents. The last element is angr which means "fjord".[8]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms was granted on 13 July 1990. The official blazon is "Argent, a harebell plant azure" (Norwegian: I sølv en blå blåklokkeplante). This means the arms have a field (background) with a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The charge is a harebell plant that has a tincture of azure. The plant is a typical plant for the area with its harsh and cold climate. The arms were designed by Arvid Sveen.[3][9][10][11]

Churches

The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Kvænangen. It is part of the Nord-Troms prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland.

Churches in Kvænangen
Parish (sokn)Church nameLocation of the churchYear built
KvænangenBurfjord ChurchBurfjord2009
Sekkemo ChurchSekkemo1956
Skorpa ChurchSkorpa1850

History

The municipality surrounds the Kvænangen fjord, after which it is named. The population is primarily of Sami origin, although the Kven population constitutes a sizeable minority. Archeological finds indicate nomadic activity in the area going back 10,000 years.

There is evidence that Kværnangen was the site for a transitional state between nomadic and agricultural society through what was known as "siida" - delimited areas where permanent housing was established and natural resources put under stewardship.

Skorpa island in Kvænangsfjord

The Kvens settled in the area in the 18th century, occupying themselves with fishing, hunting, and agriculture. Over time, fisheries became a primary industry, and the community exported dried fish to southern areas. Ethnic Norwegians gradually immigrated to facilitate trade and administration.

Norwegian public policy in the 1930s and post-war years homogenized the three groups, ethnic Norwegians, Sami, and Kven, considerably, to the point that most residents speak Norwegian at home, regardless of their ethnic heritage. A majority of people in Kvænangen declared themselves Sami or Kven in the 1930 census. In the 1950 census, all but a handful declared themselves Norwegian.

During the Nazi occupation during World War II, a temporary work camp was established at Kvænangen. In large part due to the generosity of the local population, prisoners had ample food. As the German Wehrmacht retreated in early 1945, the population was evacuated by force, and all buildings were burned. Today, a local museum shows typical reconstruction houses.

Geography
The main E6 road goes through Kvænangen

The municipality has coastal and plains geography, extending into Finnmarksvidda. There are mature pine forests in the valley at the head of the fjord, and there are several rivers, the largest of which is Kvænangselva, which is traditionally a good salmon-fishing river.

Winter in Burfjord valley, Kvænangen.

The Øksfjordjøkelen glacier is located in the northern part of the municipality on the border with Loppa. It's the ninth largest glacier in mainland Norway. The lake Šuoikkatjávri is located in the southern part of the municipality on the border with Kautokeino. The Langfjordjøkelen is another glacier in northern Kvænangen.

There are several islands in the fjord that are part of Kvænangen municipality: Skorpa, Spildra, and Nøklan.

Climate

Kvænangen has a boreal climate with mild winters for this climate type, and very moderate precipitation with little variation between the seasons. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfc" (continental subarctic climate). The average temperature for the year is 3.7 °C (38.7 °F). The all-time high temperature is 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) recorded 7 July 2021; the all-time low is −21.5 °C (−6.7 °F) recorded 6 February 2012. There are an average of 101 days of precipitation each year, with the most precipitation days occurring in autumn and the least precipitation occurring in spring. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute has been operating a weather station in Nordstraum in Kvænangen since 1965.[12]

Climate data for Nordstraum in Kvænangen 1991-2020 (20 m)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1)		 −1
(30)		 0.8
(33.4)		 4.2
(39.6)		 8.9
(48.0)		 12.9
(55.2)		 16.2
(61.2)		 15.2
(59.4)		 11.4
(52.5)		 5.9
(42.6)		 2.6
(36.7)		 0.9
(33.6)		 6.5
(43.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2)		 −3.6
(25.5)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 1.4
(34.5)		 5.8
(42.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 12.9
(55.2)		 12
(54)		 8.5
(47.3)		 3.6
(38.5)		 0.3
(32.5)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 3.7
(38.7)
Average low °C (°F) −5.6
(21.9)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 2.9
(37.2)		 6.9
(44.4)		 9.9
(49.8)		 9.2
(48.6)		 6.2
(43.2)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 1.2
(34.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 46.6
(1.83)		 32
(1.3)		 37
(1.5)		 26.1
(1.03)		 28.1
(1.11)		 39.1
(1.54)		 48.8
(1.92)		 55.1
(2.17)		 47
(1.9)		 51.7
(2.04)		 34.9
(1.37)		 42.7
(1.68)		 489.1
(19.39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9 7 9 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 7 9 101
Source 1: seklima.met.no[13]
Source 2: NOAA-WMO averages 91-2020 Norway [14]
Climate data for Kvænangen 1961-1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 2.9
(37.2)		 7.6
(45.7)		 12.5
(54.5)		 15.5
(59.9)		 14.2
(57.6)		 9.9
(49.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 1.4
(34.5)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 5.3
(41.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −3
(27)		 0.3
(32.5)		 4.8
(40.6)		 9
(48)		 12.1
(53.8)		 11.3
(52.3)		 7.5
(45.5)		 3.2
(37.8)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 2.7
(36.9)
Average low °C (°F) −7.5
(18.5)		 −7.1
(19.2)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 2.1
(35.8)		 6.4
(43.5)		 9.3
(48.7)		 8.5
(47.3)		 5.1
(41.2)		 0.8
(33.4)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 36
(1.4)		 32
(1.3)		 32
(1.3)		 23
(0.9)		 24
(0.9)		 31
(1.2)		 52
(2.0)		 51
(2.0)		 44
(1.7)		 54
(2.1)		 40
(1.6)		 41
(1.6)		 460
(18.1)
Average precipitation days 7.4 7.2 6.3 5.9 6.5 7.5 9.9 9.6 9.9 10.9 9.1 9.1 99.3
Mean daily daylight hours 1 8.6 12.8 19.5 23.5 24 23.6 21 14.3 9.9 4 1 13.6
Source: Weatherbase [15]

Government

All municipalities in Norway, including Kvænangen, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.[16] The municipality falls under the Nord-Troms District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal.

Municipal council

The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Kvænangen is made up of 15 representatives that are elected every four years. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:

Kvænangen kommunestyre 2020–2023 [17]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and the Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
 Kvænangen Local List (Kvænangen Bygdeliste)2
Total number of members:15
Kvænangen kommunestyre 2016–2019 [18]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 6
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 2
  Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
Total number of members:15
Kvænangen kommunestyre 2012–2015 [19]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 5
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
Total number of members:15
Kvænangen kommunestyre 2008–2011 [18]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 1
  Coastal Party (Kystpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 5
Total number of members:15
Kvænangen kommunestyre 2004–2007 [18]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 5
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 6
Total number of members:17
Kvænangen kommunestyre 2000–2003 [18]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 4
  Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
Total number of members:17
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1996–1999 [20]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
  Joint list of the Conservative Party (Høyre) and Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 9
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1992–1995 [21]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 3
 Kvænangen cross-party list (Kvænangen tverrpolitiske liste)1
 Jøkelfjord local list (Jøkelfjord kretsliste)1
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1988–1991 [22]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 6
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 2
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2
 Jøkelfjord local list (Jøkelfjord kretsliste)2
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1984–1987 [23]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 7
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1980–1983 [24]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 8
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 1
  Joint list of the Centre Party (Senterpartiet) and the Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
 Alteidet and Jøkelfjord local list
 (Alteidet og Jøkelfjord Kretsliste)		1
 Burfjord local list (Burfjord Kretsliste)1
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1976–1979 [25]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 4
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 4
  Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 1
 Alteidet and Jøkelfjord local list
 (Alteidet og Jøkelfjord Kretsliste)		3
 Workers', farmers' and housewives' non-party common list
 (Arbeidernes, Småbrukernes og Husmødrenes Upolitiske Fellesliste)		1
 Kvænangsbotn Non-party district list
 (Kvænangsbotn Upolitiske distriktsliste)		1
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1972–1975 [26]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 1
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 13
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1968–1971 [27]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Conservative Party (Høyre) 5
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 2
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen kommunestyre 1964–1967 [28]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 9
  Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 3
  Socialist People's Party (Sosialistisk Folkeparti) 2
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 7
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen herredsstyre 1960–1963 [29]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders (Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste) 5
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 9
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen herredsstyre 1956–1959 [30]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 11
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 4
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 6
Total number of members:21
Kvænangen herredsstyre 1952–1955 [31]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 3
  Liberal Party (Venstre) 5
  List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders (Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste) 5
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 3
Total number of members:16
Kvænangen herredsstyre 1948–1951 [32]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 5
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 1
Total number of members:16
Kvænangen herredsstyre 1945–1947 [33]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 10
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 6
Total number of members:16
Kvænangen herredsstyre 1938–1941* [34]  
Party Name (in Norwegian)Number of
representatives
  Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 7
  List of workers, fishermen, and small farmholders (Arbeidere, fiskere, småbrukere liste) 5
  Joint List(s) of Non-Socialist Parties (Borgerlige Felleslister) 2
  Local List(s) (Lokale lister) 2
Total number of members:16
Note: Due to the German occupation of Norway during World War II, no elections were held for new municipal councils until after the war ended in 1945.

Mayors

The mayors of Kvænangen:[35]

  • 1863–1888: Peder B. Giæver (H)
  • 1889–1910: Henrik Giæver (H)
  • 1911–1916: Gjert Rasch (H)
  • 1917–1919: Johan Storvik (LL)
  • 1920–1925: Gjert Rasch (H)
  • 1926–1928: Lars Larsen Vassnes (H)
  • 1929–1934: Johan Storvik (Ap)
  • 1935–1937: Eli Vassnes
  • 1938–1942: Øivind Storvik (Ap)
  • 1943–1944: Reidar Paulsen (NS)
  • 1945–1947: Peder Olsen (V)
  • 1948–1951: Hedley Kristiansen (Ap)
  • 1952–1955: Peder Olsen (V)
  • 1956–1959: Hedley Kristiansen (Ap)
  • 1958–1959: Einar Eriksen (Ap)
  • 1960–1963: Kristoffer Borkenhagen (Ap)
  • 1964–1965: Kristian Kjelsberg (Ap)
  • 1965–1971: Kristoffer Borkenhagen (Ap)
  • 1972–1975: Odd Følstad (Ap)
  • 1976–1979: Ingulv Wiik (H)
  • 1979-1979: Øivind Eilertsen (H)
  • 1980–1983: Harald Olsen (H)
  • 1984–1991: Sigvald Johnsen (Ap)
  • 1992–1995: Eva Jørstad (Ap)
  • 1995–2007: Harald Olsen (H)
  • 2007–2011: John Helland (H)
  • 2011–2015: Jan Helge Jensen (K)
  • 2015–present: Eirik Losnegaard Mevik (Ap)

Notable people
Gunnar Kaasen with Balto, 1925

Notable people that were born or lived in Kvænangen include:

References
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  2. "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
  3. Store norske leksikon. "Kvænangen" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  4. Statistisk sentralbyrå. "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian).
  5. Statistisk sentralbyrå. "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian).
  6. Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyrå.
  7. Mæhlum, Lars, ed. (24 December 2019). "Troms og Finnmark". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  8. Rygh, Oluf (1911). Norske gaardnavne: Tromsø amt (in Norwegian) (17 ed.). Kristiania, Norge: W. C. Fabritius & sønners bogtrikkeri. p. 189.
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  12. "Climate Summary for Nordstraum, Kvænangen". Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  13. "seklima.met.no". Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
  14. "NOAA-WMO normals Norway 1991-2020".
  15. "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  16. Hansen, Tore, ed. (12 May 2016). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  17. "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Troms og Finnmark". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  18. "Table: 04813: Members of the local councils, by party/electoral list at the Municipal Council election (M)" (in Norwegian). Statistics Norway.
  19. "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2011 - Troms Romsa". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
  20. "Kommunestyrevalget 1995" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1996. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
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  22. "Kommunestyrevalget 1987" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1988. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  23. "Kommunestyrevalget 1983" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo-Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1984. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  24. "Kommunestyrevalget 1979" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1979. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  25. "Kommunevalgene 1975" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1977. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  26. "Kommunevalgene 1972" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1973. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  27. "Kommunevalgene 1967" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1967. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  28. "Kommunevalgene 1963" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1964. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  29. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1959" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1960. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  30. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1955" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1957. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  31. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1951" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1952. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  32. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1947" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1948. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  33. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1945" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1947. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  34. "Kommunevalgene og Ordførervalgene 1937" (PDF) (in Norwegian). Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå. 1938. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  35. Bjørklund, Ivar (1985). Fjordfolket i Kvænangen. Fra samisk samfunn til norsk utkant 1550–1980 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

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