Karmana

The original name of Karmanа city translated from Sogdian meant "big palace". The city of Kermine was one of the famous medieval cities of Central Asia. According to the 10th century author Narshakhi, Kermine was the birthplace of many literati and poets. There was a saying that the city of Kermine was called Badgia-i-hurdak ("pitcher")[3] in ancient times.

In the 12th century, the city of Kermine was captured and destroyed by Khwarazmshah, Il-Arslan (1156-1172)[4] in the course of military actions and resistance by the local inhabitants. Later, it was rebuilt and again became a major city in the 15th century.

Since the 16th century, the city of Kermine was part of the Bukhara Khanate and was the administrative center of the Kermine bekdom. In the last period of the Middle Ages, Kermine was turned into a bekdom with special advantage after a major clash between Said Abd al-Ahad Khan and influential members of the clergy and after his removal permanently from his capital to the city of Kermine[5]. Said Abd al-Ahad Khan spent most of his time in Kermine and was buried there.

Kermine had a quadrangular citadel - urda with an area of 1.5 square versts (1.7 km²)[6][7]. The last Bukhara emirs had two palaces in Kermine. One of them, the summer palace, was located outside the villages, and the second - inside the citadel, behind the fortress wall[8]. Neither the citadel nor the palace in the emir's citadel have survived to our days.

'Abd al-Ahad Khan mausoleum