José Serra

José Serra Chirico (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ ˈsɛʁɐ]; born 19 March 1942) is a Brazilian politician who has served as a Congressman, Senator, Minister of Planning, Minister of Health, Mayor of São Paulo, Governor of São Paulo state, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil.

For the Spanish racing cyclist, see José Serra Gil.
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Serra and the second or paternal family name is Chirico.
José Serra
Official portrait, 2015
Senator for São Paulo
In office
1 February 2015 – 1 February 2023
In office
1 February 1995 – 1 February 2003
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
12 May 2016 – 22 February 2017
PresidentMichel Temer
Preceded byMauro Vieira
Succeeded byAloysio Nunes
Governor of São Paulo
In office
1 January 2007 – 2 April 2010
Vice GovernorAlberto Goldman
Preceded byCláudio Lembo
Succeeded byAlberto Goldman
Mayor of São Paulo
In office
1 January 2005 – 31 March 2006
Vice MayorGilberto Kassab
Preceded byMarta Suplicy
Succeeded byGilberto Kassab
Minister of Health
In office
31 March 1998 – 20 February 2002
PresidentFernando Henrique Cardoso
Preceded byCarlos Albuquerque
Succeeded byBarjas Negri
Minister of Planning and Budget
In office
1 January 1995 – 30 April 1996
PresidentFernando Henrique Cardoso
Preceded byBeni Veras
Succeeded byAntônio Kandir
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
1 February 1987 – 1 January 1995
ConstituencySão Paulo
Personal details
Born (1942-03-19) 19 March 1942
São Paulo, Brazil
Political partyPSDB (1988–present)
Other political
affiliations		PMDB (1979–88)
Spouse
Sylvia Mónica Allende
​
​
(m. 1967; div. 2013)​
Children2
Alma materUniversity of São Paulo
University of Chile
Cornell University
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website

Early life
Serra in 1947

José Serra was born in the São Paulo neighbourhood of Mooca[1] to Francesco Serra,[2] an Italian immigrant from Corigliano Calabro, Calabria,[3] and Serafina Chirico, a Brazilian born to Italian parents.[4] Serra comes from a lower middle class family. His father was semi-illiterate and worked as a fruit vendor in a market of São Paulo, but he was able to enroll his only child in college.[5][6] In the early 1960s, he was a prominent member of the socio-political movement Ação Popular which opposed the conservative political system that existed at the time.[7]

Serra interrupted his studies in engineering at age 22 and left the country in 1964, after the coup that established the military government in Brazil.[8] Serra came to the attention of the authorities having served as President of the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE), (National Student Union) which opposed the existing conservative regime while he was a 4th year engineering student at the Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo.

José Serra was in exile from 1964 to 1978 in Bolivia, France, Chile, and the United States. In Chile, he did his master's degree in Economics and taught economics at the University of Chile (Universidad de Chile). There he also married Monica Allende (1967), then a top ballerina at the National Ballet of Chile. They had two children, Veronica (1969) and Luciano (1973). In the United States José Serra was awarded a Masters and Ph.D. in economics at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY)[9] and later spent 2 years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ.

On returning to Brazil after the political amnesty in 1978, Serra lectured in economics at the University of Campinas, did research for Cebrap, and wrote for the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo.

Political career

In 1982 he was appointed São Paulo's State Secretary for Economics and Planning under Franco Montoro's governorship, and became an influential secretary of Montoro's government. In 1986 and 1990 he was elected and then reelected to Congress. In 1994 he was elected Senator for the State of São Paulo with more than 6.5 million votes.

His first bid for the mayorship of the City of São Paulo came in 1988 in an election won for the Worker's Party (PT) by Luiza Erundina. He ran again in 1996, resigning as Minister of Planning to participate in the election for mayor, which was won by Celso Pitta. Pitta was the designated successor of mayor Paulo Maluf, who headed the right-wing populist Progressive Party (PP). After another stint as minister in the federal government, Serra ran for president on behalf of the PSDB party in 2002. He was beaten by four-time candidate and PT founder Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the second round.

In every elections since 1988 Serra represented the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), which he helped found in 1988 alongside former and future São Paulo State governors Franco Montoro and Mario Covas and future Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso, from a split in the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). PSDB was seen as a coalition of democrats, liberals and social democrats with more centrist outlook than the leftist Workers' Party (PT) of presidents Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. Both parties have great support in São Paulo state, but the state has been governed by the PSDB since 1994.

Serra came to political prominence under Fernando Henrique Cardoso's presidency (1994–2002), when he was appointed minister of planning, and later minister of health. During Serra's tenure in the Health Ministry, the generic drug industry, which gave wider access to medicines to a poor population, and ANVISA, the Brazilian food and drug regulatory agency, were both created. All forms of tobacco advertising were banned, and cigarette packages were required to display images of smoking-related diseases.

Mayor of São Paulo

Serra was elected mayor of São Paulo in 2004, defeating incumbent Marta Suplicy in the second round. Serra created the Virada Cultural, a 24-hour cultural festival inspired by the French Nuit Blanche.[10] He also established the Bilhete Único system in the São Paulo Metro subway system.

Serra sought nomination as the PSDB candidate for president in the 2006 elections, but on March 14, 2006, decided to run instead for governor of the state of São Paulo. He resigned as mayor of São Paulo, although he had signed a pledge to finish his four-year term.[11] Gilberto Kassab, the deputy mayor, took office and remained the mayor until 2012. Serra won the governor's race and on January 1, 2007, took office as the Governor of São Paulo State.

Governor Serra with Pope Benedict XVI during the latter's visit to Brazil, May 10, 2007

Controversy
See also: List of scandals in Brazil

Subway cartel

Cases of corruption and cartel formation involving José Serra are relatively old, both in Brazil and abroad.[12][13] Two interlinked controversies:

Brazilian oil fields

Serra's campaign was supported by American oil companies such as ExxonMobil and Chevron. He secretly promised to sell the rights to Brazil's newest petroleum discoveries in the pre-salt layer to those companies, reversing the model of da Silva.[16] Serra ended state-owned oil company Petrobras' role as the chief operator of the pre-salt oil fields, which have an estimated value of three trillion dollars[17] – twice the size of Brazil's gross domestic product (GDP).[18] WikiLeaks released several documents showing that Serra promised protection to Chevron[19] in order to transfer control from Petrobras in case of election victory.[20]

Role in Brazilian politics today

Serra was the presidential candidate of the incumbent Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) party in 2002, an election he lost to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula). In 2004, he was elected mayor of São Paulo in a run-off election with 55% of the votes after he signed a public commitment to stay in office for the full term. Nevertheless, he resigned after 15 months to run for governor of São Paulo in 2006, and was elected in the first round with almost 60% of the vote.

Serra during the annual meeting of PSDB, in which he announced his pre-candidacy, 10 April 2010.

Serra announced another run for the Brazilian presidency as the PSDB candidate in the 2010 elections. He received support from his party, as well as the Socialist People's Party (PPS) and the Democrats (DEM). His primary opposition in the election was Workers' Party (PT) candidate Dilma Rousseff.[21] Serra's candidacy received support from O Estado de S. Paulo[22] and British newspaper Financial Times.[23] In the first-round voting October 3, 2010, an unexpectedly strong showing from Green Party candidate Marina Silva forced a second round run-off election between Serra and Rousseff on October 31, 2010, which Rousseff won 56% to 44%.

In February 2012, Serra announced he would run for mayor of São Paulo, which would have resulted in his second non-consecutive term, though he had left the first one before it ended.[24] In the second round of the 2012 municipal elections he was defeated by Fernando Haddad, the Workers' Party candidate.[25]

See also

References
  1. Costa, Florência (2009-11-11). "Os Brasileiros do Ano 2004 - José Serra". IstoÉ. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
  2. Furtado, Bernardino; Friedlander, David (2002-10-21). "SERRA. O candidato enfrentou o funil da mobilidade social, a ditadura e o exílio antes de se tornar um dos principais políticos do Brasil". Época. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  3. Veja São Paulo (2004-10-27). "Tenho mais medo de inveja do que de colesterol alto". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  4. Folha Online (10 February 2006). "TRE-SP confirma vitória de Serra no 1º turno". Retrieved 2009-08-22.
  5. Serra agarra a sua chance
  6. http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Epoca/0,6993,EPT419866-2011,00.html
  7. See http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/jose-serra/4f8897b2a076935111000191.html
  8. Jose Serra (30 July 2014). Cinquenta anos esta noite: O golpe, a Ditadura e o exílio. Editora Record. ISBN 978-85-01-05494-4.
  9. "Cornell Masters' Thesis for José Serra?". Cornell University. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
  10. "Virada Cultural Paulista: diversão para todo o Estado" (in Portuguese). Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  11. Faria, Thiago (22 October 2008). "'Não votem em mim se eu sair candidato,' diz Kassab sobre eleições 2010" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  12. In August 2012, at the start of the trial of Criminal Case 470, the lawyer Márcio Thomaz Bastos put by Axmovatcoo on Tuesday, May 20, 2014 Published by "HTCAM"
  13. (in Portuguese)Serra sugeriu acordo em licitação, diz executivo da Siemens by "CartaCapital" (2013)
  14. THE FRENCH CONNECTION: Did Alstom Bribe like Siemens? by Jürgen Dahlkamp, Jörg Schmitt and Stefan Simons. Spiegel Online International, 7 de janeiro de 2008.
  15. Now Is the Opposition's Turn to Get Involved in a Corruption Scandal in Brazil Archived 2016-04-07 at the Wayback Machine by "Mercosur", published in "Brazzil" (2013)
  16. Brazil's oil reserves for sale by Serra by SLKRR (2010)
  17. (in Portuguese) Ações da Petrobras caem mesmo com fim da participação obrigatória no pré-sal by Wellton Máximo, published in "Agência Brasil" (2016)
  18. GIVING BRAZIL AWAY: DILMA COMPROMISES ON NATIONAL TREASURES TO EASE PRESSURE FROM OPPOSITION by Pedro Marin in "Global Independent Analytics" (2016)
  19. CIA directed Coup underway in Brazil by "Macedonian International News Agency" (2016)
  20. (in French) Contre un putsch politico-médiatico-judiciaire au Brésil by "émoire des luttes" (2016)
  21. "Jose Serra launches bid to be Brazil's next president". BBC News. 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  22. "Editorial: O mal a evitar". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). 25 September 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  23. "Brazil's testy election race". FT.com. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010. If only to interrupt this relationship with power, Mr Serra is the better choice for Brazil.
  24. "No Twitter, Serra anuncia que disputará candidatura à Prefeitura de SP". Estadão.com (in Portuguese). 27 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  25. "Fernando Haddad wins Sao Paulo for Brazil Workers' Party". BBC News. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
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