BAC Jet Provost

The BAC Jet Provost is a British jet trainer aircraft that was in use with the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1955 to 1993. It was originally developed by Hunting Percival from the earlier piston engine-powered Percival Provost basic trainer, and later produced by the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). In addition to the multiple RAF orders, the Jet Provost, sometimes with light armament, was exported to many air forces worldwide. The design was also further developed into a more heavily armed ground attack variant under the name BAC Strikemaster.

Jet Provost
Jet Provost T5
Role Military trainer aircraft
First flight 26 June 1954
Introduction 1955
Retired 1993
Status mostly retired, some examples flown privately[1]
Primary user Royal Air Force
Produced 1958–1967
Number built 734[2]
Developed from Percival Provost
Variants BAC Strikemaster

Development

Origins

In early 1951, Hunting Percival began work on the design studies that would ultimately lead to the Jet Provost.[3] At the time, the company was in the process of establishing mass production for the earlier piston-engined Percival Provost basic trainer, but had anticipated that demand for a jet-powered trainer aircraft would be on the horizon. The design team aimed to produce an aircraft capable of equalling the handling characteristics of operational jet fighters of the era while also possessing modest approach and stall speeds and remaining simple to handle, as opposed to aiming to obtain maximum performance.[3]

The prototype Jet Provost T.1 with the initial longer undercarriage at the Farnborough Air Show in 1954

During the early design process, a series of increasingly frequent liaisons with RAF Flying Training Command took place, helping to gauge the considerations required to succeed in aspects of the proposed aircraft's design, such as instructional processes and maintenance requirements.[3] During development, Hunting Percival had intentionally reused as many existing components and subsystems of the Percival Provost as possible, including the tail surfaces, main planes and main undercarriage legs, to speed development through to the prototype stage.[3] The initial design work was performed as a private venture, independent of any service requirement; in March 1953, sponsorship from the British Government to support the development was made available as a result of interest from the Ministry of Supply.[3] That same month, an order for service-test quantity of Jet Provosts was received.[4]

Prototypes and evaluation

On 26 June 1954, the prototype XD674 conducted its maiden flight from the factory at Luton Airport, flown by Dick Wheldon.[3] A series of seven flights were flown in quick succession over the following three days. By early November 1954, a total of 123 flying hours had been accumulated by the prototype during Hunting Percival's own flight test program, after which the prototype was submitted for official trials at RAF Boscombe Down.[3] While testing proved the overall performance of the Jet Provost to be satisfactory, refinements were made, such as shortening the legs of the landing gear for a smoother ride when deployed at semi-prepared airstrips.[3]

On 19 February 1955, the first of ten pre-production aircraft, designated as the Jet Provost T1, performed its first flight.[3] In May 1955, three of the pre-production aircraft were assigned for the first stage of service trials with the Central Flying School (CFS) of the RAF to determine the value of the Jet Provost in the ab initio training role and to develop a syllabus for the training program. During the second stage of CFS trials using the same three aircraft, actual students were introduced to the type for practical evaluation purposes, which was performed at RAF Hullavington until the successful completion of trials on 2 July 1956.[5] According to feedback from CFS examiners, the Jet Provost had noticeably improved the performance of students during its trial deployment.[6]

Further development

As a result of the results and responses produced from the trials performed using the pre-production aircraft, Hunting Percival proceeded to develop and incorporate several different improvements upon the design. Amongst the changes made was an overall smoothening of the fuselage lines, hydraulic systems being substituted for pneumatic counterparts, and the addition of a dorsal fillet; the new model was designated as the Jet Provost T2.[6] On 1 September 1955, the first Jet Provost T2 made its first flight. This variant was used only for development work; in addition to seeing use at Hullavington, three Jet Provost T2s were dispatched overseas for winterization trials in Scandinavia and a series of sales tours across Europe, Canada, the United States of America, and Latin America.[6]

Preserved BAC Jet Provost T5a in formation with a Percival Provost T1

In June 1957, a production order was placed for the first 40 of the developed Jet Provost T3, featuring a more powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper jet engine, ejector seats, a redesign of the airframe, and a shortened and strengthened version of the retractable tricycle undercarriage.[3] Percival built a single example, which was used purely for structural tests throughout the development stages, giving the designers valuable research into what could be achieved with the basic design.[7] On 22 June 1958, the first Jet Provost T.3 conducted its first flight.[2] In total, 201 T3s were delivered between 1958 and 1962.

The T4 followed in 1960, fitted with a more powerful variant of the Viper engine and first flown on 15 July, and this was followed by the pressurised T5 in 1967.[8] The T51 was an armed export version, sold to Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka), Kuwait and Sudan. It was armed with two 7.7-mm (0.303-inch) machine guns. The T52 was another export version sold to Iraq, South Yemen, Sudan and Venezuela, with the same armament as the T51. The T55 was the final armed export version which was sold to Sudan. A more heavily armed variant of the airframe was developed as the BAC Strikemaster.

Design
Jet Provost training frame with cutaway sections at RAF Cosford, 2004
ex-RAF BAC Jet Provost T5 lands at RAF Fairford, England, in 2008

The BAC Jet Provost is a dedicated jet-powered trainer aircraft; according to aviation publication Flight International, it has the distinction of being the first ab initio jet trainer to be standardised by any air force.[3] As designed, it was intended for the Jet Provost to replace, rather than accompany, the use of piston-engine trainer aircraft.[9] The Jet Provost incorporates numerous features to support students during training. The aerodynamic design deliberately avoids speed, instead focusing on favourable handling characteristics and ease of recovery from stall and spin conditions. An emphasis was placed on flexibility, enabling use of the type throughout a range of training operations.[10]

The cockpit of the Jet Provost, and much of the operational equipment fittings, is essentially identical to that of the preceding Percival Provost.[11] It features a side-by-side seating arrangement, both positions being fitted with duplicated flight controls and instrumentation, which is well suited to the pupil-instructor pairing.[12] The dual flight controls employs conventional manually-controlled flight control surfaces via a cable-and-tie rod arrangement. A key feature for the era amongst the fittings in the cockpit is the Centralized Warning Panel, which alerts the pilots in the event of a number of unfavourable or hazardous conditions being detected, such as icing conditions, fire, and oxygen failure.[13] The high-flying capabilities of the Jet Provost necessitated the addition of an oxygen system in the cockpit, which was unpressurised on early production aircraft.[14]

The Jet Provost has an uncomplicated structure, the airframe being based on the Percival Provost, albeit being strengthened in key areas such as the main wing spar and featuring a substantially different undercarriage arrangement.[15] It possesses an all-metal stressed-skin fuselage built in two sections, the forward section stretching from the rear of the engine bay to the nose comprises a double-frame to absorb the wing and engine loads, while the rear fuselage section uses an orthodox semi-monocoque structure.[16] Major loads across the fuselage are supported by a combination of four longerons and a single longitudinal beam across the upper-center line.[17] The ailerons, elevators, and rudder are all attached to the airframe via two inset hinges each.[12] The nose contains a hinged metal assembly, housing the radio, batteries, and other electronic equipment, and is easily serviceable by ground crew.[18] All fuel tankage is housed within the wings.[9] Where possible, all components used were designed to maximized interchangeability and to conform with international standardisation; a total of 49 service panels across the aircraft's exterior provides access for maintenance and servicing.[12][13]

The Jet Provost is equipped with a single Armstrong Siddeley Viper 101 turbojet engine, which is mounted behind the cockpit in a roomy stainless steel-lined engine bay upon a secondary steel-tube structure.[19] Air is fed to the engine by a pair of ram-air intakes set on either side of the aircraft's forward fuselage connected via sharply-curving ducts to converge just forward of the engine itself.[20] As supplied, each engine is delivered as a compact engine-change unit, comprising the engine itself, accessories, and oil tank.[17] Both the hydraulic and electrical systems were driven via a fuselage-mounted accessories gearbox connected to the Viper engine by a telescopic drive.[9] One particularly favourable aspect of the Viper engine is the low maintenance demands imposed for the era.[6] Engine ignition is achieved via an electric starter system, the engine controls have been described as being of a conventional nature.[9]

Operational service
Operational Jet Provost T3 of No.6 Flying Training School, RAF, in 1967
Open cockpit and nose cone of a Jet Provost T.3

The Jet Provost proved to be a capable trainer, being used in the ab initio Basic Trainer role from the outset (pilots progressed to the de Havilland Vampire and later the Folland Gnat for Advanced Jet Training).

After successful acceptance trials of the T1 during late 1955 at No. 2 Flying Training School at RAF Hullavington, the RAF formally accepted the type in 1957. The first production version was the T3, powered by the Viper 102, and this entered service with No. 2 FTS, located at RAF Syerston, during June 1959, when deliveries commenced from the Hunting Aircraft factory at Luton airport. The T3 was also operated by Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington; the Royal Air Force College at RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire; by No. 1 Flying Training School at RAF Linton-on-Ouse, Yorkshire; 3FTS at RAF Leeming, Yorkshire; 6FTS at RAF Acklington, Northumberland; and 7FTS at RAF Church Fenton, Yorkshire. The twin-seated side by side variant was also used at RAF Brawdy in Wales to train Forward Air Controllers.

The later T4 was fitted with the more powerful Viper A.S.V. 11 of 2,500 lbs static thrust and first flew on 15 July 1960. It quickly entered service with the units listed above.

The T5 variant was fitted with the Viper 201 and cockpit pressurisation. These developments encouraged the RAF to utilise the Jet Provost in a number of different roles besides basic training. With a top speed of 440 mph, excellent maneuverability, mechanical reliability and low operating costs, the Jet Provost was utilized as an aerobatic aircraft, air warfare and tactical weapons training as well as advanced training. The first T5 made its maiden flight on 28 February 1967 and deliveries from BAC's Warton factory commenced on 3 September 1969. Operators of the T5 included the RAFs Central Flying School and No. 1, No. 3 and No. 6 Flying Training Schools.[21]

Jet Provost T52 of the Iraq Air Force at the Farnborough Air Show in 1964

Besides service with the RAF, the Jet Provost found success in export markets. A single Jet Provost T2 was exported to Australia and was operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) to evaluate the type for the purpose of providing 'all-through' jet-based training.[22] Following a six-month evaluation period, the RAAF ultimately decided to retain the de Havilland Vampire to fulfill its requirements for a jet-powered trainer, and later replaced its Vampires with the Italian-built Aermacchi MB-326 during the late 1960s instead. The sole aircraft itself was retained, being presented to the Sydney Technical College for use as an instructional airframe, and was later preserved.[22][23]

Ceylon ordered 12 Jet Provost T51, these went into operational service in early 1960, one crashed in February 1960 following a flame out. The Provost were meant for pilot conversions for jets and intended as a stepping stone to introduce jet fighters to the Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCyAF). However these plans were scrapped due to defense cuts following the attempted coup in 1962 and by the late 1960s the remaining Provosts were mothballed. With the outbreak of the 1971 JVP insurrection in April 1971, the RCyAF took out its mothballed Provosts and started a crash program to bring these to operational readiness in three days. These Provost carried out ground attack sorties on insurgent targets, vectored in by helicopters that used smoke bombs to mark targets for Provosts. One Provost crashed returning from a sortie and its pilot killed.[24]

Nigeria acquired two ex-Sudan Air Force Jet Provost T.51s in 1967, using them for training and ground attack purposes against Biafra during the Nigerian Civil War. Flown both by Nigeran and mercenary pilots, they proved effective as in both roles, but efforts to obtain more Jet Provosts directly from Britain failed.[25]

The Jet Provost was withdrawn from RAF service during the early 1990s, having been replaced by the newer turboprop-powered Short Tucano. Ab initio training had reverted to piston-engined aircraft in the early 1970s, using the Scottish Aviation Bulldog.

The Jet Provost remains popular among private operators and enthusiasts; being an inexpensive jet, many have been acquired and maintained in a flightworthy condition by collectors and private individuals. Some are flown at airshows, whilst roughly equal numbers are maintained in ground-runnable condition at various locations, many of these being in the United Kingdom.

Variants
Operational Jet Provost T.5 of No.6 Flying Training School in 1977
Head-on view of a BAC Jet Provost T.5
Model Number built Manufacturer Comments
Jet Provost T1 12 Hunting Percival Initial production batch for the RAF.
Jet Provost T2 3 Hunting Percival Development aircraft only.
Jet Provost T2B 1 Hunting Percival Company demonstrator. Evaluated in Portugal.[26]
Jet Provost T3 201 Hunting Aircraft Main production batch for the RAF.
Jet Provost T3A (70) Hunting Modified T3 with improved avionics for the RAF.
Jet Provost T4 198 BAC Variant with more powerful engine for the RAF.
Jet Provost T5 110 BAC Pressurised version for the RAF.
Jet Provost T5A(93)BACModified T5 with improved avionics and a rough grey coating on the wing to break up the smooth airflow and give the trainee pilot an early indication of the onset of a stall (the T5's original clean wing gave the pilot little warning).[27]
(Jet Provost T5B)(13)BACUnofficial designation: a T5 fitted with tip-tanks used for Navigator training.
Jet Provost T51 22 Hunting Aircraft Export version of the T3 (12 built for Ceylon, four built for Sudan, and six built for Kuwait).
Jet Provost T5243BACExport version of the T4 (20 built for Iraq, 15 built for Venezuela, eight built for Sudan).
Jet Provost T52A?BACExport version of the T4 (? built for South Yemen).
Jet Provost T555BACExport version of the T5, built for Sudan.
BAC Strikemaster146BACGround attack version of the T5.
BAC 1661BACPrivate venture trial variant of the T4 with a Viper 522 engine.

Operators
ex-RAF Jet Provost T3a on display at Kemble Air Day 2008, England
A BAC Jet Provost at Front Range Airport, Colorado, 2006
Underside of a preserved BAC Jet Provost in period RAF markings, 2013
 Australia
 Ceylon
 Iraq
 Kuwait
 Nigeria
 Portugal
 Singapore
 South Yemen
 Sudan
  • Sudan Air Force received four T.51s and eight T.52s in 1962. Five T.55s were ordered in 1966.[34]
 United Kingdom
 Venezuela

Preserved aircraft
Jet Provost, outdoors in preservation, at Gippsland Armed Forces Museum (West Sale Airport, Victoria)

Australia

Canada

Cyprus
  • Jet Provost T4, XP666 is privately owned at Pafos Airport, Cyprus.

Germany
  • Jet Provost T4, XS217 is privately owned in Germany.

Italy
  • Jet Provost T3A, XM478 is on display at Volandia - Parco e Museo del Volo, Somma Lombardo, Italy.[38]

Jersey
  • Jet Provost T4, XP573 is at the Jersey Airport Fire Section, Channel Islands.

New Zealand

Sri Lanka

United Kingdom
ex-RAF BAC Jet Provost T3A in private ownership
XW312 Jet Provost, Located at the Everett Community College. Paine Field, Washington

United States
XW294 at the Everett Community College. Paine Field, WA
  • Jet Provost T5A, XW294, located at the Everett Community College. Paine Field, Washington
  • Jet Provost T5A, XW312, also located at the Everett Community College. Paine Field, Washington

Specifications (Jet Provost T.5)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72,[64] Flight International,[14] BAE Systems[2]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 34 ft 0 in (10.36 m)
  • Wingspan: 35 ft 4 in (10.77 m)
  • Height: 10 ft 2 in (3.10 m)
  • Wing area: 213.7 sq ft (19.85 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 23015 mod; tip: NACA 4412 mod[65]
  • Empty weight: 4,888 lb (2,217 kg) [66]
  • Gross weight: 6,989 lb (3,170 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 9,200 lb (4,173 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Armstrong Siddeley Viper Mk.102 / Mk.202 turbojet engine, 1,700 lbf (7.6 kN) thrust
2,500 lbf (11,120.55 N) Mk.202

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 382 kn (440 mph, 707 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,620 m)
  • Range: 780 nmi (900 mi, 1,440 km) with tip tanks.
  • Service ceiling: 36,750 ft (11,200 m)
  • Rate of climb: 4,000 ft/min (20 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 32.7 lb/sq ft (160 kg/m2)

Armament

  • Guns: 2× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns Mark 55
  • Rockets:
    • 6× 60 lb (27 kg) or
    • 12× 25 lb (11 kg) or
    • 28x 68 mm SNEB rockets in four pods Mark 55
  • Bombs: ** 4× 540 lb (245 kg) Mark 55

See also
External video
video icon A pair of preserved Jet Provosts performing an aerial display in formation
video icon Footage of a Jet Provost being serviced at RAF Linton-on-Ouse in 1985
video icon In-cockpit view of low-level flight in a Jet Provost

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations
  1. "Warbird Alley: Jet Provost". www.warbirdalley.com.
  2. "Heritage – Product – Jet Provost." Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine BAE Systems, Retrieved: 23 April 2016.
  3. Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 795.
  4. Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 587.
  5. Flight International 13 June 1958, pp. 795–796.
  6. Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 796.
  7. Flight International 13 June 1958, pp. 796–798.
  8. "The Jet Provost T.5". Flight International. 9 March 1967. p. 379.
  9. Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 586.
  10. Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 798.
  11. Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 582-585.
  12. Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 583.
  13. Flight International 13 June 1958, p. 799.
  14. Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 585.
  15. Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 582–583.
  16. Flight International 13 June 1958, pp. 798–799.
  17. Flight International, 6 May 1955, p. 582.
  18. Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 583–584, 586.
  19. Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 582, 585–586.
  20. Flight International, 6 May 1955, pp. 584, 586.
  21. Thetford, pp. 91–95
  22. "A99 Jet Provost." RAAF Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  23. "ADF Serials - Jet Provost". www.adf-serials.com.au.
  24. "SLAF History : The First Jets Arrive". airforce.lk. Sri Lanka Air Force. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  25. Draper 1999, pp. 78–79
  26. Adrian Balch; John Luke & Dave Key. Mark Russell (ed.). "The Jet Provost T.2". Jet Provost Heaven.
  27. "Percival Hunting P.84 Jet Provost". All-aero.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  28. Sipos, Milos; Cooper, Tom (2020). Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-913118-74-7.
  29. Draper 1999, p. 78
  30. "UK Civil Aviation Authority Aircraft Register – Entry for former Singapore AF Jet Provost T52 registered G-PROV". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  31. Andrade 1982, page 192
  32. "Jet Provost T52 registered G-JETP." Archived 24 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine UK Civil Aviation Authority Aircraft Register. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
  33. Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.
  34. Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011). African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe. Houston: Harpia Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-9825539-8-5.
  35. Sturtivant 1987, p. 247.
  36. March 1990, p. 82.
  37. "BAC Jet Provost." Archived 6 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine Jet Aircraft Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  38. "Volandia". AviationMuseum.eu.
  39. "BAC Jet Provost T5A." Archived 22 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine National Transport & Toy Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  40. "Sri Lanka Air Force Museum". www.airforcemuseum.lk. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  41. "XN458". 458 Club. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  42. "Aircraft Data XN458, 1960 Hunting P-84 Jet Provost T.3 C/N PAC/W/10137". Airport-data.com. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  43. "Jet Provost lands in Yorkshire pub beer garden". BBC News. 10 August 2018.
  44. "Vintage jet in beer garden!". Harrogate Advertiser. 26 May 2005. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  45. "Aircraft List". South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  46. "HUNTING JET PROVOST T.3A XM405 (G-TORE)"
  47. "Why Won't It Start? T34/85 Episode 1" YouTube, Retrieved: 29 August 2022.
  48. "Jet Provost T3A XM412." Flickr, Retrieved: 6 March 2017.
  49. "Jet Provost T3A XM414"
  50. "Newcastle Jet Provost"
  51. "Hunting Jet Provost". Demobbed. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  52. "Powered Aircraft, Gliders & Aircraft Cockpit Sections." Brooklands Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  53. "Hunting Jet Provost T.4 XP556" Jet Provost Heaven
  54. "Jet Provost T4 XP557." Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  55. "Aircraft on Display." East Midlands Airport, Retrieved: 29 April 2016.
  56. "BAC Jet Provost T.4 (XP627)." North East Aircraft Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
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  58. "Aircraft." Solway Aviation Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  59. "British Aircraft Corporation Jet Provost T5A." RAF Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  60. https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3745/12861686594_fa8219d5de_b.jpg Hartlepool College of Further Education, Retrieved: 9 August 2016.
  61. "BAC Jet Provost T3 – Air Heritage Inc". Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  62. "Aircraft." Tillamook Air Museum, Retrieved: 21 April 2016.
  63. "Jet Provost T3A XM464." Pima Air & Space Museum, Retrieved: 16 February 2019.
  64. Taylor 1971, p. 181.
  65. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  66. "Warbird Alley: Jet Provost". www.warbirdalley.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.

Bibliography
  • Clarke, Bob. Jet Provost: The Little Plane With The Big History. Stroud, UK: Amberley Publishing Plc, 2008. ISBN 978-1-84868-097-5.
  • Draper, Michael I. (1999). Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. Aldershot, UK: Hikoki Publications. ISBN 1-902109-63-5.
  • "Jet Provost T.3". Flight International, 13 June 1958. Vol. 73, No. 2577, pp. 795–799.
  • "Jet Provost: Hunting Percival's New Ab Initio Trainer." Flight International, 6 May 1955. pp. 582–587.
  • March, P. (1990). Royal Air Force Yearbook 1990. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund.
  • Matos, José (2017). "Nao obrigado!: Portugal's Flirtation with the Hunting Jet Provost & BAC Strikemaster". The Aviation Historian (20): 84–88. ISSN 2051-1930.
  • Sturtivant, R. (1987). The History of Britain's Military Training Aircraft. UK: Haynes Publishing Group. ISBN 0-85429-579-8.
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