Gustav Ritter von Kahr

Kahr was born in 1862 in Weissenburg in Bayern, the son of Gustav von Kahr, President of the Bavarian Administrative Court, and his wife Emilie, née Rüttel. After completing school in 1881 he became a member of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment Kronprinz as a one-year volunteer. From 1882 to 1885 he studied law in Munich.[2] After passing the first state law examination, he received legal training at various courts in Munich until 1888. On 12 January 1889 he joined the government of Upper Bavaria as a trainee (Akzessist) in the Department of the Interior and became a government assessor in 1897. His main field of activity in the decade before the turn of the century was organizing the preservation of folk art and endangered architectural monuments. He was a co-founder of the Bavarian State Association for the Preservation of Local History. Beginning in 1902 Kahr quickly passed through the stages of ministerial service up to the level of state councilor (Staatsrat). In 1911 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Bavarian Crown for his services to the cultivation of folk art and thus received personal nobility.[2] On 1 February 1912 he was granted the title and rank of privy councilor (Geheimrat) and on 1 October was appointed ministerial director and councilor of state in the senior civil service. During his years in the Ministry of State he continued to devote himself primarily to the preservation and protection of endangered cultural assets.

Although he was a reserve officer, Kahr did not participate in World War I because the minister to whom he reported did not want to release him from his position working to ensure food security. In 1917 King Ludwig III of Bavaria appointed Kahr district president of Upper Bavaria. The fall of both the German Hohenzollern and Bavarian Wittlesbach monarchies during the early days of the German Revolution of 1918–1919 that broke out after Germany's defeat in the war led the intrinsically apolitical Kahr into politics.[3] As district president Kahr proposed the creation of a civil defense force, but his suggestion did not meet with the approval of Bavaria's new Minister President Johannes Hoffmann of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). When the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in April 1919, Kahr fled Munich with Hoffmann and the rest of the state government to Bamberg where they called for volunteers to help crush the soviet republic. Those who responded were organized into Freikorps.[4] After the suppression of the soviet republic at the beginning of May, during which about 335 civilians were killed by Freikorps fighters,[5] Munich's leaders wanted to maintain the capabilities of the Freikorps but without their drawbacks. They saw them as too violent, too small, and too independent of the Bavarian state. The paramilitary Civil Guards, or Einwohnerwehr, was formed in an attempt to resolve the problems.[6]

Following the failure of the 1920 Kapp Putsch in Berlin, General Arnold von Möhl, after consulting with Kahr, Georg Escherich and Munich Police Chief Ernst Pöhner, demanded that Minister President Hoffmann establish an emergency regime in Bavaria.[7] Hoffmann refused to do so and resigned, followed by the rest of his cabinet. Kahr was then elected minister president by the Bavarian Reichstag on 16 March 1920. A Protestant monarchist and member of the Catholic Bavarian People's Party (BVP),[8] Kahr presided over a middle-class right-wing government and pursued an independent position for Bavaria within the German Reich. Backed by the Civil Guard, he had the leftist workers' and soldiers' councils dissolved[9] and established Bavaria's reputation as the Reich's "cell of order" (Ordnungszelle), referring to the "order" in Bavaria after the turmoil and bloodshed of the Bavarian Soviet Republic and in contrast to the "Marxist" Weimar Republic headed by Social Democrats. As part of an anti-Semitic campaign throughout Germany in 1920 and following a suggestion from Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, Kahr ordered the mass expulsion from Bavaria of so-called Eastern Jews, many of whom had lived there for generations.[10]

After the enactment in Berlin of the Law for the Protection of the Republic, which increased the punishments for politically motivated acts of violence and banned organizations that opposed the "constitutional republican form of government" as well as their printed matter and meetings,[11] Kahr resigned in protest on 12 September 1921 since the act led to the disbanding of the Civil Guard, which was Kahr's main source of support. He returned to his former post as district president of Upper Bavaria.

On 26 September 1923, following a period of turmoil that included assassinations and political violence, the Bavarian state government of Minister President Eugen von Knilling (BVP) appointed Kahr state commissioner general (Generalstaatskommissar) with dictatorial powers under Article 64 of the Bamberg (Bavarian) Constitution. The step was taken in protest against the Reich government for ending passive resistance to the occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian troops.[2] On the same day, Kahr declared a state of emergency in Bavaria. In response, Reich President Friedrich Ebert (SPD) instituted a state of emergency throughout Germany and transferred executive power to Minister of Defense Otto Gessler. Kahr refused to carry out his orders, such as banning the Nazi Party newspaper Völkischer Beobachter,[12] and on 29 September he suspended the enforcement in Bavaria of the Law for the Protection of the Republic.[13] Beginning in mid-October, Kahr again had several hundred Jewish families who had immigrated from Eastern Europe decades earlier expelled from Bavaria.[14] By this means he sought to solidify his support among the supporters of Adolf Hitler and the Deutscher Kampfbund, a league of nationalist societies led by Hitler. At the time Kahr and Hitler were in rivalry with each other for leadership of the right-wing camp.[13]

General Hans von Seeckt

On 20 October 1923 Lieutenant General Otto von Lossow, regional commander of the Reichswehr (the German armed forces) and commander of the Munich military district was relieved of his posts by Defense Minister Gessler for refusing to obey orders. Kahr then reinstated him as Bavarian state commander and entrusted him with the command of the Reichswehr in Bavaria. Two days later he had the Munich Reichswehr Division take an oath to Bavaria and its government as "trustees of the German people". On 9 November 1923 Reich President Ebert imposed a military state of emergency across Germany and told General Hans von Seeckt to do "whatever was necessary to secure the Reich".[15] In spite of Bavaria's openly rebellious acts, the Reich government did not impose a federal intervention (Reichsexekution) against it. Seeckt would not have been willing to implement the Reichsexekution because he insisted that "troops do not fire on troops". He was also pursuing dictatorial aspirations of his own at the national level.[16]

Kahr, together with von Lossow and Hans von Seisser, commander of the Bavarian police, formed a "triumvirate" with the goal of using Bavaria as a base from which to overthrow the Republic and establish a national dictatorship.[13] It was to be accomplished by a march on Berlin modeled on Benito Mussolini's successful March on Rome of a year earlier and was not to include Hitler. Kahr warned the "patriotic associations" – including the Kampfbund – against independent action.[17] He remarked to an assembly of high-ranking officers on 19 October 1923 that the real matter at hand was "a great battle of two worldviews which will decide the destiny of the German people – the international Marxist-Jewish and the national Germanic."[18] Weighing on Kahr's mind however, were the Weimar leadership's warnings against revolutionary activities, including the threat of a military intervention. Seeckt reiterated the warnings, prompting the triumvirate of Kahr, Lossow and Seisser to back down. They then informed the members of the Kampfbund that it was they who would determine when action would be taken. The statement greatly angered Hitler.[19]

General Erich Ludendorff

On 8 November 1923, while Kahr was delivering a speech to an audience of some 3,000 in the packed hall of Munich's Bürgerbräukeller, the meeting was stormed by Adolf Hitler, Erich Ludendorff, Hermann Göring and other National Socialists. Hitler proclaimed a "national revolution" and called for Kahr, Lossow and Seisser to meet with him. In a back room he compelled Kahr and the others at gunpoint to join the national uprising he had proclaimed. Returning to the hall, the three called for those present to support Hitler's coup, which was planned for the next day.[20] In view of their word of honor not to do anything against Hitler, Ludendorff did not have Kahr, Lossow and Seisser imprisoned. The latter two then immediately initiated countermeasures to put down the coup. After a few hours of internal wrangling, Kahr also turned against Hitler and at 2:55 a.m. broadcast a ban on the Nazi Party, Freikorps Oberland and Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial War Flag Society).

During the night, and unknown to Hitler, the three men prepared resistance against the coup. The following day when Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government as a prelude to their "March on Berlin", the police dispersed them.[21] Fifteen Nazis and four police officers were killed.[22] Kahr's involvement in the collapse of Hitler's coup attempt cost him the support of right-wing nationalist forces in Bavaria, and he was made a scapegoat for the failure.[3]

Two months later, on 18 January 1924, Minister President von Knilling, under pressure from Berlin, forced Kahr to resign from his post as state commissioner general.[23] On 26 February 1924 Kahr testified as a witness in the treason trial against Hitler and the other putschists.[2] From 16 October 1924 to 31 December 1930 he served as president of the Bavarian Administrative Court. He retired in relative obscurity on 1 January 1931.[2][3]