Green500

The Green500 is a biannual ranking of supercomputers, from the TOP500 list of supercomputers, in terms of energy efficiency.[1][2] The list measures performance per watt using the TOP500 measure of high performance LINPACK benchmarks at double-precision floating-point format.

In 2022, Hewlett Packard Enterprise took the lead (then later in Nov. 2022 Lenovo took the lead, though with a much smaller Nvidia based system), with AMD-based systems (AMD CPUs and AMD GPUs) in the 4 top positions, with the top position over 50% more efficient than the previous year (Japanese) top position. And number two on the list (the current fastest on TOP500) is also over 50% more efficient than the currently most efficient (and much smaller) Nvidia-based system. No large Nvidia-based system make the top 10 positions of Graph500 (smaller ones in 7th to 10th, nor any longer any (small or large) ARM-based (Fugaku was at the top of the list in June 2021).

History

As of November 2012, an Appro International, Inc. Xtreme-X supercomputer (Beacon) topped the Green500 list with 2.499 LINPACK GFLOPS/W.[3] Beacon is deployed by NICS of the University of Tennessee and is a GreenBlade GB824M, Xeon E5-2670 based, eight cores (8C), 2.6 GHz, Infiniband FDR, Intel Xeon Phi 5110P computer.[4]

As of June 2013, the Eurotech supercomputer Eurora at Cineca topped the Green500 list with 3.208 LINPACK GFLOPS/W.[5] The Cineca Eurora supercomputer is equipped with two Intel Xeon E5-2687W CPUs and two PCI-e connected NVIDIA Tesla K20 accelerators per node. Water cooling and electronics design allows for very high densities to be reached with a peak performance of 350 TFLOPS per rack.[6]

As of November 2014, the L-CSC supercomputer of the Helmholtz Association at the GSI in Darmstadt Germany topped the Green500 list with 5.271 GFLOPS/W and was the first cluster to surpass an efficiency of 5 GFLOPS/W. It runs on Intel Xeon E5-2690 Processors with the Intel Ivy Bridge Architecture and AMD FirePro S9150 GPU Accelerators. It uses in rack watercooling and Cooling Towers to reduce the energy required for cooling.[7]

As of August 2015, the Shoubu supercomputer of RIKEN outside Tokyo Japan topped the Green500 list with 7.032 GFLOPS/W. The then-top three supercomputers of the list used PEZY-SC accelerators (GPU-like that use OpenCL)[8] by PEZY Computing with 1024 cores each and 6–7 GFLOPS/W efficiency.[9][10]

As of June 2019, DGX SaturnV Volta, using "NVIDIA DGX-1 Volta36, Xeon E5-2698v4 20C 2.2GHz, Infiniband EDR, NVIDIA Tesla V100", tops Green500 list with 15.113 GFLOPS/W, while ranked only 469th on Top500.[11] It is only slightly more efficient than the much larger Summit (which ranked 2nd while 1st on Top500 with 14.719 GFLOPS/W), using IBM POWER9 CPUs combined with Nvidia Tesla V100 GPUs.

Green 500 List
Top 10 positions of GREEN500 in June 2023[12]
Rank Performance
per watt
(GFLOPS/watt)
 Name Model
Processors, GPU, Interconnect		 Vendor Site
Country, year		 Rmax
(PFLOPS)
1 65.396 Henri Lenovo ThinkSystem SR670 V2
Intel Xeon Platinum 8362 2.8 GHz (32C), Nvidia H100 80 GB PCIe, InfiniBand HDR		 Lenovo Flatiron Institute,
  United States, 2022		 2.88
2 62.684 Frontier TDS HPE Cray EX235a
AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11		 Hewlett Packard Enterprise OE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
  United States, 2022		 19.20
3 58.021 Adastra HPE Cray EX235a
AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11		 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif - Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Superieur (GENCI-CINES),
  France, 2022		 46.10
4 56.983 Setonix – GPU HPE Cray EX235a
AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11		 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Pawsey Supercomputing Centre,
  Australia, 2022		 27.16
5 56.491 Dardel GPU HPE Cray EX235a
AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11		 Hewlett Packard Enterprise KTH Royal Institute of Technology,
  Sweden, 2022		 8.26
6 52.592 Frontier HPE Cray EX235a
AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11		 Hewlett Packard Enterprise OE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
  United States, 2022		 1,194.00
7 51.382 LUMI HPE Cray EX235a
AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11		 Hewlett Packard Enterprise EuroHPC/CSC,
  Finland, 2022		 309.10
8 51.343 amplitUDE (GPU Partition) MEGWARE D50DNP
Xeon Platinum 8480 56C 2 GHz, NVIDIA H100 80 GB PCIe, InfiniBand NDR,		 MEGWARE University of Duisburg-Essen,
 Germany, 2023		 1.95
9 46.543 Goethe-NHR Supermicro
AS-4124GS-TNR,AMD EPYC 7452 32C 2.35 GHz, AMD Instinct MI210 64GB, Mellanox InfiniBand EDR		 MEGWARE Supermicro Goethe University Frankfurt,
  Germany, 2023		 9.09
10 41.411 ATOS THX.A.B BullSequana XH2000
Xeon Platinum 8358 32C 2.6 GHz, NVIDIA A100 SXM4 40 GB, Quad-rail Nvidia HDR100 InfiniBand,		 Atos Atos,
 France, 2021		 3.50

Historical development
Energy efficiency of top-ranked computers (gigaflops/watt)



10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

References
  1. "The Green500". Archived from the original on 2016-06-20.
  2. "Green 500 list ranks supercomputers". iTnews Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22.
  3. "University of Tennessee Supercomputer Sets World Record for Energy Efficiency". National Institute for Computational Sciences News. University of Tennessee & Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  4. "Beacon - Appro GreenBlade - Green500 list". top500.org. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  5. "Eurotech Eurora, the PRACE prototype deployed by Cineca and INFN, scores first in Green500 list". Cineca. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  6. "Eurora - Aurora Tigon - Top500 list". top500.org. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  7. "The Green500 List - November 2014". Archived from the original on 2015-02-22.
  8. Hindriksen, Vincent (2015-08-02). "The knowns and unknowns of the PEZY-SC accelerator at RIKEN". StreamHPC. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  9. Tiffany, Tiffany (August 4, 2015). "Japan Takes Top Three Spots on Green500 List". HPCWire. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  10. "PEZY & ExaScaler Step Up on the Green500 List with Immersive Cooling". InsideHPC. September 23, 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  11. "June 2019 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites". www.top500.org. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  12. "JUNE 2023". www.top500.org. Retrieved 2023-06-02.
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