Greek Army uniforms

The new uniform, adopted in 1869, remained faithful to the French style. The officers' dress uniform ("great uniform", μεγάλη στολή) consisted of a dark blue, pocketless, hip-length tunic with stand-up collar and epaulettes (double-breasted for artillery officers), with straight light blue trousers for line infantry and dark blue for other branches, while the shako was replaced by a kepi sporting a large feather plume for full dress. The cavalry again retained a separate uniform style, with dark green Hussar-style tunics and breeches, cherry red branch colour and silver braid. Other ranks wore a simplified version of the same uniform both as dress and field uniforms. For infantry, artillery and engineers this was characterized by short tunics with piping in the branch colour, white kepi covers in summer field dress and dark blue greatcoats in colder weather. The leather equipment was black and of French design, to complement the standard-issue fusil Gras rifle. The officers' dress uniform was retained through subsequent changes in uniform styles, and continues in use today as the No. 1 uniform. Its modern use however is limited to those officers serving in the Army Academy.

The officers' field uniform followed Austro-Hungarian models, with the tunic being dark blue woolen in winter and white cotton during the summer, featuring fly-hidden buttons and scalloped pocket flaps. There were no epaulettes; rank was exhibited on the collar with tabs and bullion stars. Breeches were worn with high leather boots. French-style leather equipment and a sabre were carried in battle.

The Evzone battalions were also formed at the time, and acquired a uniform very similar to the one still used today as the ceremonial dress of the Presidential Guard.

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  Greek cavalry, ca. 1890
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  Uniforms of the Army's medical services, ca. 1890–1910
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  Uniforms of the Army's transport service, ca. 1890–1910
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  Line infantry changing the guard, ca. 1880–1910
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  Officers from 1870 to 1910
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  Soldiers and NCOs from 1870 to 1910
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  Artillery, 1890
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  Engineers, 1910
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  Pavlos Melas in the uniform of a lieutenant of artillery

White summer version of the ceremonial uniform's kepi as worn by a lieutenant general, 1910

Infantryman during the Balkan wars

Following the humiliating defeat of 1897 by the Ottomans, the urgent need for modernisation was felt by both the Government and the Staff of the Greek Army. The idea of khaki uniforms was introduced, just few years after the British had introduced their service dress, making Greece one of the first group of countries to adopt a modern look for its military. The use of off-white and drab uniforms was already common for summer use by officers, who traditionally had the option of choosing privately tailored items. It was soon expanded with the universal introduction of the khaki 1908 model for other ranks.

This uniform included a near-copy of the British four-pocket tunic of the time, in olive green wool cloth or serge, with the addition of pipings and removable shoulder boards in branch-of-service colour cloth (Red: Infantry and Staff; Bright red-purple: Cavalry; Dark red-burgundy: Artillery; Light Blue: Engineers; Dark Blue: Gendarmerie). Brass-metal buttons were used for the majority of uniforms. The trousers were straight with side-seam pipings in branch colours, designed to cover the ankle lace-boots. However, on campaign the majority of soldiers found this to be a cumbersome arrangement and used cloth puttees or stuffed the trouser bottoms into their boots to hold them tight. A khaki single-breasted greatcoat was issued for winter. The black equipment was also replaced by a natural-brown leather set.

The first type of headgear was a German-style peaked cap, but this was soon replaced by the older French-style kepi but now in khaki wool and leather chinstrap, adorned with branch-pipings and an embroidered Greek royal cockade. In periods of mobilization older stocks continued being used for auxiliary units, mainly older caps and items of black leather. Minor variations of the 1908 uniform and equipment were issued to specialist units, e.g. breeches, high-boots and bandoliers to cavalry troopers.

Similar developments followed with the officers' uniforms. After a period of unstandardised changes, these settled on the model 1910. Their smart tunic was made in a higher quality olive-green wool, incorporating the internal scalloped pockets and standing collar of the Austrian army, but with branch pipings and Russian-style rank boards. The headgear was a khaki kepi with leather peak, gold-metal pipings (silver for Cavalry and Engineers) and a bullion-cockade, and the pants were piped riding breeches, usually worn with high boots or ankle boots and puttees. The equipment was brown leather, with a French-style pistol holster and a binocular case. During this period, all officers took their sabres on campaign.

Between 1908 and 1910 the blue and green coloured uniforms were phased out and replaced by khaki for other ranks. Officers, Evzones on duty in Athens and cadets at the Military Academy retained ceremonial uniforms which remained more or less the same as those in use at the start of the 20th century; in navy-blue or dark green (for cavalry) with gold or silver officer's braiding. Full dress uniforms were worn with the historical kepi in elaborate designs. This survived as the "great uniform", virtually unchanged until the 1960s.

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  Greek artillerymen with the new khaki uniforms introduced in 1908
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  Evzones with their distinctive white uniform, and the post-1908 simplified khaki field dress
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  Field uniforms as worn during the Balkan Wars
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  Army officers in white summer uniforms, c.1909

Greek cavalry on parade, 1926

The years 1913–1915 saw the introduction of many non-standard and transitional officer's uniforms, until finally, the new khaki wool model 1915 uniforms were introduced. These entailed minor changes to the other ranks' uniform, mainly simplification by removing most coloured decorations, introducing collar tabs in branch-colour and the standard issue of cloth puttees. Branch colours were revised to help easier identification (Green for Cavalry; Black for Artillery).

The officers' uniform changed though significantly, adopting the changes that were already implemented by King Constantine and his staff in their private tunics, plus a return to the German-style cap that Constantine preferred. The new tunic was more practical for campaign, closer to the modern French and British styles. Wider-cut, it had bigger, external pockets pleated on the breast, scalloped flaps and stand and fall collar. The pipings were replaced by a pair of branch-colour collar tabs with metal buttons and the Russian boards were replaced by smaller straps. The highly visible cap metal pipings were replaced with subdued rank stripes of brown colour. The old-style leather equipment was replaced by a fashionable Sam Browne and a Webley revolver-style holster.

The only major change introduced to the above uniform with the entry of Greece to the war in 1917, was the return of the kepi by the revolutionary government of Salonika. The kepi thus came to represent the Venizelos faction in the course of the National Schism against the Royalist government of Athens, and symbolised the alliance with the French-led Entente. When Constantine left in exile, the new government phased-in the kepi headgear for all the Army officers. Other items of French origin saw widespread use during these wars, including the Lebel rifle leather equipment, the Adrian helmet, painted dark olive and the bonnet de police in khaki wool. This uniform was used in Ukraine and Asia Minor, along with stocks of French World War I style that were rushed in to equip the excess troops. The main khaki service dress remained virtually unchanged until the late thirties.

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  Major General Konstantinos Nider (right) and his Chief of Staff Colonel Theodoros Pangalos in the Macedonian front during World War I
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  Constantine I of Greece as Field Marshal
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  Greek soldiers during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) wearing Adrian helmets
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  Greeks troops in Asia Minor

Uniform of a major general, late 1930s, War Museum of Thessaloniki

Unit during the Italian Spring Offensive wearing the Greek M1934/39 helmet

The 1908 pattern for other ranks in khaki wool remained virtually unchanged and was the uniform issued en masse to the troops that were deployed in the Greco-Italian War of 1940 and the brief Battle of Greece. Changes were significant only in the equipment, which by this time was a motley collection of Austrian, German, French and British patterns, reflecting a similar vast variety in personal arms. In contemporary pictures it appears though that the front-line troops had a relative homogeneous appearance. The majority were equipped with a new Model 1934 helmet, which was based on the contemporary Italian shell in field green colour, but without vents and with a locally produced leather liner. The main ammunition carrier was the Mannlicher twin-pouch and the Mauser triple-pouch, according to the rifle issued to the unit.

Significant number of older French-design Lebel stocks were still in use, especially in support troops. A minority of front-line troops were issued with the 1915 Adrian helmet and British Brodie helmet, as the newer pattern was not received in adequate numbers. Due to the heavy winter conditions in Albania, the outfit was for most of the campaign covered by the long model 1908 woolen overcoat, single breasted, with turned down collar and rear semi-belt. The decorations on these uniforms were limited to a minimum. Contrary to regulations, only a minority of tunics and coats had the prescribed branch-color collar tabs. These colors remained the same as in WW1, and expanded to include more specialist troops. A new pattern of NCO rank stripes similar to the British chevrons, did not see universal adoption before the outbreak of the war, and the older patterns were still seen.

The officers uniforms came in the thirties much closer to the British pattern of service dress with the adoption of an open collar intended to be worn with shirt and woolen tie, again with riding breeches, boots and a Sam Browne belt. The headgear in the late 1930s turned for good to a British-type leather peaked cap in khaki, with the exception of the Gendarmerie and the Hellenic Army Academy, who kept their traditional kepi. Officer rank insignia also changed from the colourful old Russian-style shoulderboards to a more subdued, British-style system. In 1938 a new pattern of forage cap was also introduced which was similar to the contemporary British, but with the Greek royal cockade in metal. By this time swords and sabres were limited to ceremonial use and a pistol was the main sidearm.

As the war progressed, much of the supplies were depleted and the Greek Army increasingly had to use new stocks of British military aid. At the last stages of the Battle of Greece, a significant number of troops was using battledress and the brodie helmet. The reconstituted free Greek Army in Egypt was completely reequipped with British uniforms and arms, which they kept throughout the Italian campaign and the first stages of the Greek Civil War. During these years, the new Greek Army was, outwardly, virtually indistinguishable from the forces of the British Commonwealth.

Lieutenant colonel Ioannis Skaras in 1965

Officer in ceremonial uniform 2016

Men of the modern Greek Military Police (Stratonomia)

The loyalist National Army fought the Civil War in British khaki battledress, wearing Brodie helmets, equipped in the majority with British arms. During their participation in the Korea War, the Greek Army was amply supplied with American stocks, parts of which they continued using in the sixties. Officers' uniforms were virtually identical to the British battle dress and service dress of the era.

The woolen battledress was progressively replaced during the years of the Military Junta of 1967–1974, giving a more US-like appearance with olive green cotton fatigues and webbing, along with the general issue of locally produced M1 helmets in dark green colours. Dark-green service uniforms inspired by the then-current US style were also developed for officers in the 70s, while insignia and ranks continued to follow the British pattern as before. Limited issues had been made of camouflage uniforms to elite units, such as the Alpine Commandos (LOK), since the 1960s. The camouflage pattern chosen was the French lizard type. This became the basis for the universal issue of camouflage clothing to all troops by the early 1990s, when the Greek Army achieved its current appearance in uniforms.

• History of the Hellenic Army Uniforms, at the official site of the Hellenic Army (Greek)
• Greek Army Uniforms