Glasgow Haskell Compiler

Since early releases the official website[7] has referred to GHC as The Glasgow Haskell Compiler, whereas in the executable version command it is identified as The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System.[8] This has been reflected in the documentation.[9] Initially, it had the internal name of The Glamorous Glasgow Haskell Compiler.[10]

Many extensions to Haskell have been proposed. These provide features not described in the language specification, or they redefine existing constructs. As such, each extension may not be supported by all Haskell implementations. There is an ongoing effort[17] to describe extensions and select those which will be included in future versions of the language specification.

The extensions[18] supported by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler include:

• Unboxed types and operations. These represent the primitive datatypes of the underlying hardware, without the indirection of a pointer to the heap or the possibility of deferred evaluation. Numerically intensive code can be significantly faster when coded using these types.
• The ability to specify strict evaluation for a value, pattern binding, or datatype field.
• More convenient syntax for working with modules, patterns, list comprehensions, operators, records, and tuples.
• Syntactic sugar for computing with arrows and recursively-defined monadic values. Both of these concepts extend the monadic do-notation provided in standard Haskell.
• A significantly more powerful system of types and typeclasses, described below.
• Template Haskell, a system for compile-time metaprogramming. A programmer can write expressions that produce Haskell code in the form of an abstract syntax tree. These expressions are typechecked and evaluated at compile time; the generated code is then included as if it were written directly by the programmer. Together with the ability to reflect on definitions, this provides a powerful tool for further extensions to the language.
• Quasi-quotation, which allows the user to define new concrete syntax for expressions and patterns. Quasi-quotation is useful when a metaprogram written in Haskell manipulates code written in a language other than Haskell.
• Generic typeclasses, which specify functions solely in terms of the algebraic structure of the types they operate on.
• Parallel evaluation of expressions using multiple CPU cores. This does not require explicitly spawning threads. The distribution of work happens implicitly, based on annotations provided by the programmer.
• Compiler pragmas for directing optimizations such as inline expansion and specializing functions for particular types.
• Customizable rewrite rules. The programmer can provide rules describing how to replace one expression with an equivalent but more efficiently evaluated expression. These are used within core datastructure libraries to provide improved performance throughout application-level code.[19]
• Record dot syntax. Provides syntactic sugar for accessing the fields of a (potentially nested) record which is similar to the syntax of many other programming languages.[20]

An expressive static type system is one of the major defining features of Haskell. Accordingly, much of the work in extending the language has been directed towards data types and type classes.

The Glasgow Haskell Compiler supports an extended type system based on the theoretical System F_C.[12] Major extensions to the type system include:

• Arbitrary-rank and impredicative polymorphism. Essentially, a polymorphic function or datatype constructor may require that one of its arguments is itself polymorphic.
• Generalized algebraic data types. Each constructor of a polymorphic datatype can encode information into the resulting type. A function which pattern-matches on this type can use the per-constructor type information to perform more specific operations on data.
• Existential types. These can be used to "bundle" some data together with operations on that data, in such a way that the operations can be used without exposing the specific type of the underlying data. Such a value is very similar to an object as found in object-oriented programming languages.
• Data types that do not actually contain any values. These can be useful to represent data in type-level metaprogramming.
• Type families: user-defined functions from types to types. Whereas parametric polymorphism provides the same structure for every type instantiation, type families provide ad hoc polymorphism with implementations that can differ between instantiations. Use cases include content-aware optimizing containers and type-level metaprogramming.
• Implicit function parameters that have dynamic scope. These are represented in types in much the same way as type class constraints.
• Linear types (GHC 9.0)

Extensions relating to type classes include:

• A type class may be parametrized on more than one type. Thus a type class can describe not only a set of types, but an n-ary relation on types.
• Functional dependencies, which constrain parts of that relation to be a mathematical function on types. That is, the constraint specifies that some type class parameter is completely determined once some other set of parameters is fixed. This guides the process of type inference in situations where otherwise there would be ambiguity.
• Significantly relaxed rules regarding the allowable shape of type class instances. When these are enabled in full, the type class system becomes a Turing-complete language for logic programming at compile time.
• Type families, as described above, may also be associated with a type class.
• The automatic generation of certain type class instances is extended in several ways. New type classes for generic programming and common recursion patterns are supported. Also, when a new type is declared as isomorphic to an existing type, any type class instance declared for the underlying type may be lifted to the new type "for free".