Fishtail projectile point

Fishtail points, also known as Fell points are a style of Paleoindian projectile point widespread in South America at the end of the Late Pleistocene.[1] Their chronological timing is disputed, with some authors favouring a short chronology spanning 12,800–12,200 years Before Present (BP), while others favouring a long chronology spanning 13,500–10,200 years BP.[2] It is the earliest widespread lithic style in South America,[3] being contemporaneous in its earlier stages to the use of Clovis points in North America.[1] Fishtail points may be derived from Clovis points,[4][5] or possibly from Fishtail-like points found on the Gulf Coast of North America and in Central America.[6]

Variety of Fishtail projectile points (both whole and fragments) found in Argentina and Chile

The name "Fishtail point" derives from their fish-like shape, with broad shoulders, indented stems and flared bases, while the name "Fell point" originally given by Junius Bird derives from Cueva Fell (Fell's Cave) in southern Patagonia, where the first points were found.[7] They are typically bifacially thinned, though some unifacial Fishtail points are known.[8] In comparison to Clovis points, Fishtail points are often but not always fluted (having a long flake running along the length of the point removed, leaving a groove at the base).[9][1] Fishtail points varied significantly in size and form, and many were likely hafted to spears,[2][5] which were possibly used in combination with spear throwers,[3] though some may have served other purposes, like as knives, and the same point may have been used for multiple functions.[5]

Fishtail points have the highest find frequency in the open regions of the Pampas and Patagonia, but are also found with some frequency in the Andes, extending as far north as Ecuador.[1] While Brazilian finds are most common in Southern Brazil, some finds are also known from central, northern and northeastern Brazil, including in the states of Mato Grosso, Goiás, Amazonas and Bahia.[10]

The points are suggested to have been primarily utilized for big-game hunting of megafaunal mammals[3] and the peak abundance of the points coincides with the proposed extinction interval for most large mammals in South America as part of the Quaternary extinction event, suggesting that the hunting may have had a causal role in the extinctions. Fishtail points disappeared following the extinction of the megafauna, and were replaced by projectile point styles better suited for hunting smaller prey.[1]

Direct association between Fishtail points and extinct megafauna are rare,[3] though extinct megafauna known to be directly associated with Fishtail points include the equine Hippidion saldiasi and llama Lama gracilis (which appears to be closely related/possibly synonymous with the living vicuña[11]), as well as with the living guanaco.[12][13]