Father of the House (United Kingdom)
The father of the House is a title that is bestowed on the senior member of the House of Commons who has the longest continuous service. If two or more members have the same length of current uninterrupted service, then whoever was sworn in earliest, as listed in Hansard, is named as Father of the House.[1]
Father of the House | |
---|---|
House of Commons of the United Kingdom | |
Member of | House of Commons |
Seat | Westminster |
First holder | William Wither Bramston Beach circa. 1899 |
The only formal duty of the father of the House is to preside over the election of the speaker of the House of Commons. However, the relevant Standing Order does not refer to this member by the title of "Father of the House", but instead to the longest-serving member of the House present who is not a minister of the Crown. Until 1971, the clerk of the House of Commons presided over the election of the Speaker. As the clerk is never a member, and therefore is not permitted to speak, he would silently stand and point at the Member who was to speak. However, this procedure broke down at the election of a new Speaker in 1971 and was changed upon the recommendation of a select committee.[2]
Since the 2019 general election, Sir Peter Bottomley, who has been an MP continuously since 1975, has been Father of the House. His grandmother’s cousin Robin Turton was also Father. The previous father was Kenneth Clarke[3] who began his continuous service at the 1970 general election and became father in 2017 after the death of Sir Gerald Kaufman. Dennis Skinner also began continuous service at the 1970 general election, but was sworn in after Clarke.[4][5][1] Clarke declined to seek re-election in 2019 and retired from the Commons. Skinner contested the 2019 election, but was defeated.
History
Historically, the father of the House was not a clearly defined term, and it is not clear by what process it was used for individual Members. The first recorded usage of the term dates to 1788, in an obituary of Thomas Noel; it is also attested in an engraved portrait of Whitshed Keene by Charles Picart, from 1816. It may have been interpreted at various times as the oldest member, the member with the longest total service, the member with the longest unbroken service (the modern definition), or the member who entered the House longest ago. There is also some evidence that in the late 19th century, the position may have been elected. The modern definition was not settled upon until the late 1890s.[6]
After the Second World War, a convention arose that the father would normally be a member of the Select Committee on Privileges, but this lapsed following the establishment of the modern Standards and Privileges Committee in the 1990s.[6]
Among the twentieth-century fathers, there were several very prominent figures; four former Prime Ministers became Father of the House, and a fifth, Henry Campbell-Bannerman was simultaneously Father of the House and Prime Minister from May 1907 until soon before his death during April 1908. Almost all have been Privy Councillors.[6]
To date, all holders of the position have been men.[6] In 2015 Harriet Harman described herself as the 'Mother of the House' as she was the longest continuously serving woman MP.[7] David Cameron referred to her as the Mother the week after,[8] and Theresa May referred to Harriet Harman as the Mother of the House in 2017.[9] Harman had in fact been the longest serving female MP since at least 2010.
List of fathers of the House since 1899
This list covers all fathers of the House since W.W. Beach, the first to become Father after the modern approach (longest period of continuous service) was agreed in 1898.[6] Those who died as fathers are indicated by a †.
Earlier "fathers"
This list covers all those who would have been considered Father of the House, by the modern definition, since an arbitrary date of 1701. Many of these will not have been considered "Father of the House" by contemporaries, and some men who were described as such are not listed here.
Longest-serving member of the House of Lords
The title 'Father of the House' is not used in the House of Lords.[6] The longest-serving member is recorded on the House website, though no duties or special distinctions are associated with the position.[10] As of 2021, the longest-serving member is The Lord Trefgarne (Conservative), who first took his seat on 3 July 1962[11] (having succeeded his father in the peerage in 1960 while still a minor). The House of Lords Act 1999 repealed the automatic right of hereditary peers to be members of the House of Lords; Trefgarne was one of those elected to continue as a member under section 2 of the Act.
As of 2023, the longest-serving life peer is The Baroness Gardner of Parkes (Conservative), who is also the longest-serving female member of the House. She first took her seat on 23 June 1981.[12]
Peer | Most senior title in the peerage of | Party affiliation | Time served (from when first taking their seat) |
Total tenure | Became longest-serving member | Tenure as longest-serving member |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arthur Hill, 7th Marquess of Downshire | Ireland | Other | 18 May 1920 – 28 March 1989[13] | 68 years, 314 days | ||
Jeffery Amherst, 5th Earl Amherst | United Kingdom | Liberal Democrat | 7 March 1927 – 4 March 1993[14] | 65 years, 291 days | 28 March 1989 | 3 years, 341 days |
Dominick Browne, 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne | Ireland | Other | 26 July 1927 – 11 November 1999[15] | 72 years, 108 days | 4 March 1993 | 6 years, 252 days |
George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe | United Kingdom | Conservative | 25 July 1939 – 22 February 2007[16] | 67 years, 212 days | 11 November 1999 | 7 years, 103 days |
Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington | Ireland | Conservative | 9 October 1945 – 9 July 2018[17] | 72 years, 273 days | 22 February 2007 | 11 years, 137 days |
Bertram Bowyer, 2nd Baron Denham | United Kingdom | Conservative | 13 December 1949 – 26 April 2021[18] | 71 years, 134 days | 9 July 2018 | 2 years, 291 days |
David Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne | United Kingdom | Conservative | 3 July 1962 | 61 years, 115 days | 26 April 2021 | 2 years, 183 days |
See also
- Baby of the House, the equivalent position for the youngest Member of Parliament
- Father of the House
- Dean of the House (Canada)
- Dean of the United States House of Representatives
References
- Moss, Stephen (2 May 2015). "Labour's Dennis Skinner at 83: 'Father of the House? You must be joking'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- "The Speaker" (PDF). Westminster, United Kingdom: House of Commons Information Office. September 2003. pp. 4–5.
- "Boris Johnson to seek election after rebel Tories deliver Commons defeat". Retrieved 4 September 2019.
- "Members Sworn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Hansard Digitisation Project. 30 June 1970. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
- "Members Sworn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Hansard Digitisation Project. 1 July 1970. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- Kelly, Richard (6 October 2016). "Father of the House: House of Commons Background Paper SN06399".
- Hansard, Volume 596. "debated on Monday 18 May 2015, Column 6". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- Hansard, Volume 596. "debated on Monday 27 May 2015, Column 43". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- "Election of Speaker". Hansard. UK: Commons. 13 June 2017.
- Parliament.UK – House of Lords FAQS – Membership and principal office holders at parliament.uk
- "Lord Trefgarne (Hansard, 3 July 1962)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- "Baroness Gardner Of Parkes (Hansard, 23 June 1981)". api.parliament.uk.
- "Marquess of Downshire". UK Parliament. 18 May 1920. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- "Earl of Amherst". UK Parliament. House of Lords. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- "Lord Oranmore and Browne". UK Parliament. House of Lords. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- "Earl Jellicoe (Hansard, 25 July 1939)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- "Lord Carrington (Hansard, 9 October 1945)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- "Lord Denham (Hansard, 13 December 1949)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 March 2023.