Fashion of Madonna
American singer-songwriter Madonna has been considered a fashion and style icon by fashion journalism and other sectors. Fashion critics, designers and scholars have examined her influence in fashion from different stages and has helped shape views on her. Her connection with the community was once labeled a symbiotic relationship, while her industry ventures include owning fashion brands and appearing at events such as the Met Gala.


Madonna has collaborated with an array of people from the community, including designers, photographers and stylists. She became a muse for many of them, and during the MTV Generation, her in-depth involved collaborative friendships were credited with making routine collaborations between artists and designers, and for helping reinforce the connection with the fashion and music industries further than before. Madonna was also credited with boosting the careers of various designers, including then-emerging to as well-established ones, and also fashion houses. Many of them have cited Madonna as a career influence. She became the first musician on the covers of The Big Four, and under Anna Wintour's control, Madonna became her first musical artist to grace a Vogue cover in 1989 after a notable time with a focus on fashion models.
Over decades, Madonna set various trends, and aspects of her styles, looks, and clothing have influenced the public, designers and other entertainers of different generations. Madonna's photoshoots and personal belongings have been displayed in museums and other exhibitions around the world. Unconventional compared to enduring glamorous icons, others have noted a significant absence of high fashion discussions. Nicknamed variously as a "Queen of Fashion" or "Queen of Kitsch", Madonna appeared on industry lists of the best and worst dresses. She also earned a reputation as a fashion provocateur, receiving criticisms from the religious sector, and from other organizations. Her provocative fashion statements, mixed with shock value received further criticism as she aged. Up to early 2020s, her decades-long impact have been addressed by observers from Arianne Phillips to Diane Asitimbay. She has been included in a number of all-time lists focused on musicians or individuals' fashion impact, including Time's All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons, Style and Design (2012). Madonna also received various awards for her fashion, including the first Versace Award from VH1 Fashion Awards in 1998. In her prime both Vogue and Karl Lagerfeld named her the "single greatest fashion influence in the world", while Jean-Paul Gaultier called her "the biggest fashion icon" in early 2010s.
Overview
Background
Many authors have traced Madonna's relationship with fashion back to her childhood. Without realizing it, her father influenced her fashion awareness with the dress code imposed in her strict Catholic upbringing, seeing "how potent a certain way of dress could be".[3] Various sources have agreed that Madonna saw clothes as a tool of rebellion from early on.[4] Mary Cross described that after losing her mother, she "deliberately wore mismatched socks and clothes" as she refused to wear the identical outfits in which housekeeper-turned-stepmother Joan Gustafson liked to dress them.[4] She continued to express herself through fashion as a student, without shaving her underarms and not wearing make-up.[4] Mark Bego wrote she "pioneered" new ways to get noticed on the school playground with her style and attitude.[5]
Critical vindication
[Madonna] forged a symbiotic relationship with the fashion community the moment she burst onto the scene in the '80s, setting trends and playing muse to countless designers.
Associate professor José Blanco explained that fashion critics, designers and scholars have examined her influence in fashion.[7] In 2018, Louise Gray of i-D held that she "has come under scrutiny for her outfits over the best part of four decades".[8] Indeed, some credit her sense of style and its evolution, as a key to her significance and success.[9][10] In addition, Madonna has been called a fashion icon, as well as a fashion leader, idol, influencer or style icon.[11][12][13][14][15] By 2005, scholar Camille Paglia described "she has become a fashion icon more than a music pioneer".[16]
Many have expressed their feelings about this relationship over the years. In the early 2000s, American costume designer Arianne Phillips referred to the "unique relationship Madonna has with fashion and fashion has with Madonna".[17] In similar remarks, in the 2010s and 2020s, both Vogue and website Trendencias have described it as a "symbiotic" relationship.[6][18]
Fashion sense

Madonna's use and development of her fashion sense have been discussed. In Oh Fashion (1994) by professors Shari Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss, it was explained that fashion is something "inseparable from her aesthetic practices", and this includes several "cultural interventions" such as her music videos, films, TV appearances or concerts in order to cultivate her image.[20] Writing for The Journal of Popular Culture in 2015, scholar José Blanco explains that she uses clothes as a "cultural signifier to communicate her persona du jour".[7]
For many, her looks and style were "at the center" of her staging and creative performances.[21] While working with Madonna, costume designer Marlene Stewart commented in 1990, that for costumes the singer thinks in terms of story and character.[3] Arianne Phillips also remarked on her "ability to create characters and tell a story through costumes".[22] An observer also stated that she has extensively explored the roles she wishes to play when she grows up through clothing ever since.[4] Agents like Erin Skarda from Time once praised her for her "control of her look[s]".[15][23] Writing for Vogue in 2023, Christian Allaire considered that nobody does "fashion eras" better than her, and like a "true artist", she sees what she wears as true performance art.[24]
Madonna herself has talked about fashion sense in various settings. Laura Tortora from Vogue Italia felt that the 1983 interview with J. Randy Taraborrelli, reveals how she was aware of her "great potential" and that she would make a legacy, not only in music, but also in "the history of costume".[25] In 2007, she told the press: "I've made no secret of my love for fashion and trends".[26]
Styles
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The evolution of her styles and looks have been "documented through the years".[27] It was described as an "expansive catalogue of looks".[4]
By 1990, Stewart gives Madonna almost full credit for "creating" her clothing style.[3] French fashion magazine Crash said that she is known for having "extravagant taste" when it comes to style on stage.[28] Richard Corman, one of the first photographers in collaborate with her, commented retrospectively about their encounter in 1983:
Just the way she was dressed, her hair, her makeup. Everything about her style and her swag was just 21st century [...] Everything about her was now.[23]
Justyna Stępień from the University of Lodz, described her work and style as a representation of the Camp-Lite phenomenon.[29] J. Randy Taraborrelli wrote that religious symbols became a crucial part of the Madonna fashion.[30] Laura Tortora from Vogue Italia credited Madonna as virtually the first to wear crucifixes as fashion accessories in a forward way.[25] Sydney Nowak of KOST noted the singer brings a tinge of grunge to any outfit, as well as being a proponent of all black outfits.[31] She wore long dresses several times in the mid-1990s.[25]
Among the different styles explored by Madonna, are cowgirl, ghetto fabulous, military, masculine pieces and androgynous imagery.[32] She has also paid tribute through clothes to other women such as Marilyn Monroe, Marie Antoinette and Eva Perón.[33][34]
Referential activities
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Madonna attended to various Met Gala, with her first being in 1997.[36] Madonna has also participated in a number of fashion runways, including Jean-Paul Gaultier's 1992 amfAR runway where it showed a topless Madonna; the staff of Billboard included that moment among "the most iconic moments in the history of fashion, music or breasts".[37] She closed the Gaultier 1995 Spring Collection, wearing a slip dress and pushing an antique baby carriage from which she lifted a young pup.[38] Back in 1992, Madonna participated in a Dolce and Gabbana runway show, and American fashion historian Valerie Steele considered it publicized their friendship.[39] Madonna made appearances at other fashion shows, including the Marc Jacobs 2010 Spring Collection.[40]

Fashion connotations of her works have been addressed. Thomas R. Harrison, an associate professor at Jacksonville University, wrote "Vogue" showcased her "knowledge" of the professional fashion industry.[42] For Allison Berry from Time magazine, this single is perhaps "the most fashion song of all time"; Berry also noted that with the spoken word Strike a Pose she pays tribute to fashion icons of Hollywood.[35] The Guide Liverpool, called Madonna the "Queen of the Catwalk" thanks to "Vogue".[43] British author Lucy O'Brien noticed that "Dress You Up" uses fashion as a metaphor, as is sung "by a woman clearly addicted to clothes".[44] The video of "American Life" was seen as a reflection of anti-fashion industry statements.[45]
Madonna told Kim Kardashian during the premiere of her documentary film Madame X that she has preserved many of her outfits and that the fashion archive is located in Brooklyn.[46] In 2013, Madonna hand-picked pieces from her fashion archives, and contributed to Madonna's Fashion Evolutions, a pop-up exhibition on the history of Madonna's fashion at Macy's curated and styled by Arianne Phillips. The singer declared: "... exhibition will give my fans a great opportunity to see the evolution of my style over the years".[47]
Criticisms and ambiguity
The Queen of Pop is known for creating fashion moments that were either full of controversial matter or pushed the needle forward when it comes to the conversation of fashion.
Authors of The 1980s (2007), believed that "Madonna's influence on fashion eclipsed her music".[49] Madonna has a reputation for being a fashion provocateur, as Megan Friedman from Elle noted in 2016, she has "spent decades wearing outrageous outfits and stoking controversy".[50] Bimini Bon Boulash noted and referred to the "countless articles" in Google's results for her "most shocking outfits of all time".[51] American critic Christopher Glazek also commented that her costume changes attracted harassment from tabloid moralists.[52] It intensified while aging.[50][52] In Too Much (2020), author said "Madonna is perhaps the most famous example of a woman rigorously censured for dressing provocatively".[53]
Madonna also received criticism for her religious-mixed fashion,[54] and at some stage from animal rights groups like PETA.[55][56] "When you see Madonna in fur, you realize why nobody has copied her style since 1984", they wrote in their 2009 online poll of the "Worst Dressed Celebrity", which Madonna topped.[57] In 2004, rabbi Shmuley Boteach criticized Madonna for helping create a "tragic world" among American adolescent girls with her fashion.[58]
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Friedman, however, is of the opinion that is how Madonna is, so some "shock value" is to be expected, and yet "people still criticized her for wearing a too-revealing outfit".[50] For Lauren Alexis Fisher of Harper's Bazaar, Madonna "mastered the art of shocking people through fashion".[60] Jacorey Moon from Yahoo agreed that she always creates eye-catching fashion moments.[48] Barbara Foley from Los Angeles Times, commented in 1990, that she has received better commentaries for her fashion sense than any of her other roles: "Through it all, including criticisms and counter-criticisms that she can't sing, can't act, can't keep her personal life together, no one has questioned her reputation as fashion's leading chameleon [...]".[3] To Laura Craik of The Daily Telegraph, Madonna has been "brazen and unapologetic", but found it paved the way for a host of female performers to take to the stage wearing liberating, provocative costumes that defined their sexuality on their own terms.[61]
Madonna has been included in media polls for worst and best dressed over the years. She was simultaneously included in both categories of the 1985 Rolling Stone polls,[62] and in Spin's first annual readers poll in 1989, where she was ranked first in both categories. The magazine staff declared: "Madonna: Breaking down the boundaries of good and bad taste".[63] Designer Patricia Field once commented: "I've never seen her look foolish".[13] In 1999, Vogue included her in the 100 Best Dressed List,[64] while she tied with Cher in People Hall of Fame of the worsts dressed, with seven appearance both until 2004.[65] On the other hand, Pamela Church Gibson of London College of Fashion noted the absence of academic discussion around her within the pantheon of high fashion.[66]
Collaborations and friendship with fashion designers

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She became the face of various fashion campaigns and a muse to other designers.[6] Stefano Gabbana once claimed "she is our often muse".[13] About her collaborative friendships, Patricia Cunningham from Wake Forest University, commented that her connection extends to designers, claiming it has helped in creating her looks and even lyrics.[67] In 2021, Euronews and Reuters commented about those collaborations: "Madonna has worked with almost every designer label imaginable in her lengthy career".[46] According to the fashion journal Women's Wear Daily, then-rumored featuring costume pieces from 14 designers at Re-Invention World Tour, including Arianne Phillips, Stella McCartney, Christian Lacroix, and Karl Lagerfeld would represent an industry record.[17]
Alone her collaborative friendship with Gaultier generated commentary and headlines. Fashion journalist Tim Blanks called them "the quintessential rock star-fashion designer relationship" with a "mutually beneficial connection".[4] Tom Rasmussen from Dazed stated: "Gaultier and Madonna made each other in so many ways. She gave him international notoriety, while he gave her cone-shaped breasts".[68] Paloma Herce of Harper's Bazaar goes on to say that the singer-designer tandem had never made more sense with them.[69]
Madonna's impact on them
[Madonna has] boosting the careers of established as well as up-and-coming designers. In short, she dominated the fashion world as well as the pop world.
—Christopher Turner (2021).[70]
Authors and publications have observed a solid Madonna impact on various designers' careers. Mexican newspaper El Universal credited Madonna for boosting the career of "several" then-emerging designers like Olivier Theyskens, as well how others from Tom Ford to Rick Owens, "benefited" directly from dressing her.[71] Other publications have endorsed various of these examples and made similar claims.[72][70][73] With regard to Theyskens, Fashion magazine stated that Madonna essentially put him "on the map".[74][36] Arianne Phillips is another example; as she collaborated with Madonna for many years, Phillips told Daphne Merkin, "she's eclipsed my career".[22] Gaultier has been also cited by more than one observer.[13] In sum, Laura Craik from The Daily Telegraph commented that Madonna's patronage was guaranteed to catapult designers to the next level, whether they were a fledgling designer or a well-established one.[61] After the announce of the Celebration Tour in early 2023, Guram Gvasalia from Vetements expressed he was hoping the same "recognition" and "credibility" to his work for collaborate with Madonna. "Certainly, if the tour happens, it will introduce Mr. Gvasalia, 37, to a much wider audience", said Vanessa Friedman from The New York Times.[75]
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Madonna's impact in some fashion houses' brand was also commented on. Dolce & Gabbana "received their first international recognition thanks" to Madonna, according to independent scholar Juliana Tzvetkova,[76] and author Brian Moeran wrote in The Magic of Fashion (2016), that she "catapulted the designer duo into the limelight".[77] In House of Versace (2010), Deborah Ball discussed Madonna's influence on Versace, saying the 1995 ads featuring her were "breakthrough", creating an association between the house and celebrities that garnered endless press coverage. After Madonna, Ball comments, Donatella drafted one celebrity after another.[78] Nikolay Anguelov from the University of Massachusetts, made a similar observation, saying that when Gianni hired Madonna for their 1995 campaign, it was a time when the employment of celebrities as models was not common, and thereafter it became not only common, but preferred.[79] Others have addressed Madonna's impact on brands such as Chloé and Gucci.[13][18] Madonna helped gave hype in her generation to brand shoes from designers such as Manolo Blahnik,[80] and Christian Louboutin.[81]
She has had relationships with models such as Tony Ward and Jesus Luz, which have benefited their careers, according to the media. From Asian News International to The New York Times, they addressed Madonna's impact in Luz's career.[82][83] Andy Lecompte, her hairstylist, told Refinery29 about the benefits of working with Madonna in his career.[84]
Attributed effects in the industry
Marissa Muller from MTV once commented that before artists and brand collaborations were an every news item, Madonna was "bridging the worlds of music and fashion" with these alliances.[85] Although there were precursors, the same editor writing for W credited Madonna as the first artist to make collaborations between designers "routine".[86] Professor Martin S. Remland of West Chester University, considered her impact by saying that when both MTV and Madonna appeared, the marriage of music and fashion became more prominent than ever before.[87] Women's Wear Daily's Kristopher Fraser recalls examples previous Madonna of celebrities relations with fashion houses, but noted "Madonna is widely credited with transforming" it.[88]
British cultural historian Stephen Gundle gone further claiming that Madonna's collaborations with fashion designers "inspired a whole series of developments in popular music and entertainment", further saying that "new synergies occurred between different sectors".[89] Jacob Bernstein from The New York Times made similar connotations, stating that Madonna opened a "standard operating procedure" but with stylists. He noted how a new generation of singers and actresses got stylists of their own, even ranked annually by The Hollywood Reporter.[90]
Fashion and artistic photography
Aside from fashion designers, Madonna has closely worked with various fashion, fine-art photographers and portraits. Photographic critic Vince Aletti described it as "rich creative relationships".[91] In Madonna: Like an Icon, Lucy O'Brien described how various of them used Madonna as their muse.[92] Before fame, she worked as a nude model in art schools for photographers such as Martin Schreiber and Lee Friedlander.[93]
To Aletti, "photographic image has been at the forefront of Madonna's rise to iconic status".[91] He said, Madonna doesn't merely pose for photographers like Herb Ritts, Steven Meisel and Mario Testino, she explicitly collaborates in the process.[94] For French academic Georges-Claude Guilbert, after Madonna, the possibilities offered by the global village were never so "astutely exploited".[95] A number of publications have named her one of the most photographed women on the planet. In early 2000s, Guilbert even classified her as one of the five most photographed woman in the world.[95] Others, including The British Journal of Photography in 2006, called Madonna as "the most photographed woman in the world".[96][97]
Photo exhibitions
The fact that her photos are labeled as 'art' and placed in galleries or museums instructs us to approach them with critical distance.
—Media scholar David Tetzlaff (1990s).[98]
Many of Madonna's photoshoots have been displayed in arts festivals, pop-up exhibitions, galleries and other multimedia exhibitions. Schreibers' Madonna nude photos were part of the 2009 Brighton Fringe festival.[93] They also went on display at the Australian Color Factory in 2016 under the title The Madonna Nudes II, as well as the 2022 Isetan exhibition Star Portrait: Young Marilyn and Madonna.[99][100] Richard Corman installed Madonna – A Transformational Exhibition in 2013, which was a multimedia tour of Madonna's photographs taken by himself and displayed at W Hotels across the world.[101][102]

In 2016, a Spanish exhibition named Madonna. El nacimiento de un mito was on display featuring her photos taken by Deborah Feingol, Peter Cunningham and George DuBose.[103][104] The 50-photo exhibition was presented at La Térmica, and it included two videos from two artists, an artwork by Silvia Prada, and an installation where the audience "can be Madonna".[104] In 2022, Japanese photographer Kenji Wakasugi exhibited Madonna - 1985 par Kenji Wakasugi at Galerie de l'Instant in France.[105] In September 2023, according to Billboard, her photographs from Vanity Fair's inaugural European "Icon" project will be on display at the National Museum of the Royal Palace, Italy.[106]
Madonna's image has been displayed at the National Portrait Gallery, United States by photographs taken by Francesco Scavullo, Kate Simon and Jeri Heiden,[107][108][109] and is represented in the National Portrait Gallery, London by five photographs—two by Eric Watson and Testino each and one by Dafydd Jones.[110] Various of her pictures went on auction, with some attaining figures in the five to nearly six figures, including works by Bettina Rheims,[111][112] Lee Friedlander,[113] and Helmut Newton.[114]
Impact on some photographers
A number of publications and photographers themselves commented on the impact of Madonna on their careers. Mario Testino stated he became known outside of his business.[115] In a conversation with Nigel Farndale, he further explained that she was the first non-model to collaborate with him and credited: "With her I knew I had discovered my style".[116] Regarding Steven Meisel, an author described his photographs of Madonna "put him in the public eye and increased his popularity".[117] The photographer himself credited Madonna when shoot "The Beast Within" in 2004: "Now it's commonplace, but at that time, shooting film and stills simultaneously was kind of unexpected. Madonna pushed me to do that, in a way, because she would never really give me more than one day to do anything. I owe her my film career, in that sense".[118] Similarly, Madonna persuaded Herb Ritts to make his videography debut, and finally directed her video "Cherish".[119] Ritts told American Photo in 1989, "I don't know the first thing about video", admits, "but Madonna kept hounding me to do one for her, so I figured I'd give it a try".[120] In 2004, fashion journalist Katie Grand noted constant references of Madonna in the works of Mert and Marcus.[121]
Cover girl

Madonna also made an impact in the industry with her magazine covers as a cover girl. Pop culture editor Matthew Rettenmund opined that she "made the act of being on the cover of a magazine into an art form" taking her covers "seriously".[122] In Hollywood Goes Shopping (2000), David Desser and Garth Jowett commented that Madonna exploited the "model-like" look variegation.[123] In 2020, Charlie Gowans-Eglinton, fashion editor of The New Zealand Herald reflected about Madonna's early influence and her continued exploration in Gowans-Eglinton's current generation, by stating:
What Madonna offered to my generation is that, growing up, I could see a woman on TV or the front of magazines who rejected the box women were asked to squeeze themselves into. And as a result, now there are more of them, even more possibilities for the next generation of women to witness and aspire towards.[1]
Gowans-Eglinton continued her review, saying Madonna is "really [...] an icon and will continue to be the poster girl [...] whatever your —or her— age"[1] In 2021, a Vogue editor proclaimed in a headline that "she still as the ultimate Vogue cover star".[6]
Feats
Madonna has achieved various feats in the sector. She is the first female entrepreneur to grace a Forbes cover according to themselves.[124] Madonna became the inaugural cover for publications such as Spin (1985), Greek magazine Pop Corn (1985) and Shock from Colombia (1995).[125][126][127] She was also the inaugural cover girl of Glamour's Women of the Year issues.[128] Madonna also appeared more than any other person on the covers of Interview and Vanity Fair.[129][130] She is the international female artist with most cover appearances in Spanish magazine Shangay (8).[131] As of 2009, Madonna was the 10th person with most People cover magazines (13).[132]
Madonna is the female artist with the most cover appearances on Rolling Stone either alone or including "collage" photoshoots, according to themselves.[133][134] She is believed to be the first female figure on a cover for Rolling Stone special issues "Collectors edition".[135] It's believed that Gaultier was the first designer to be featured on a magazine cover when he appeared in Glamour along with Madonna in 1990.[136]
Under Anna Wintour's control, she became her first singer to be pictured on the cover of Vogue, marked after a notable focus on models.[137] Madonna also became the first singer to grace the covers of The Big Four and the only one until Rihanna matched this in 2021.[138] In 2021, Madonna was the inaugural issue for L'Officiel Ibiza.[139] About this collaboration, the magazine commented: "This project was born to pay a tribute to a contemporary icon who has defined, influenced and informed today's culture and aesthetics through her music and style".[139] In 2022, Madonna was part of the first-ever NFT magazine covers designed by an NFT artist after Billboard partnership with World of Women.[140] In January 2023, Madonna made the inaugural cover for Vanity Fair's European special issues "Icon" that cover their Italian, French and Spanish editions.[141] The annual issue was made to celebrate the stars who "contribute[s] to shape the modern culture".[106]
Impact in the sector and depictions
While there existed magazines like Harper's Bazaar featuring movie stars on their covers,[142] as well other musicians donned magazines covers long before Madonna, South African website News24, explained that it may be hard to believe, but there was a time when only models donned the covers of glossy magazines, and celebrities (mainly singers) only made an appearance on the pages inside. This was regarded as the norm, until Anna Wintour arrived at Vogue and put Madonna on the cover of Vogue, instead of a model, the website concludes.[143] That decision was predicted to be a failure and received criticism from journals like The New York Times, according to El País.[142] Wintour herself, declared that having a non-model was considered controversial at that time.[137] Back in 1999, and also mentioning Wintour, Alex Kuczynski from The New York Times talked about how celebrities changed the old-time-focus of models on women's magazine covers.[144] Editor Ben Widdicombe explained that fashion magazines of that time "provide a uniquely quantifiable gauge for the rise of celebrity influence" concluding that everything changed when Madonna appeared on the covers of British and American Vogue in 1989.[145]
In 2018, Rettenmund created a listicle for Logo TV named Madonna's 20 Most Essential Magazine Covers.[146] He compiled 200 of her greatest cover magazines on his website, BoyCulture in 2014.[122] In 2008, Hank Stuever from Washington Post celebrated Madonna's 50th birthday with a tour of some Madonna's magazine covers, saying: "The Material Girl has long been a cover girl, regularly gracing magazine covers for the last 25 years".[147][148] Similarly, Emily Nussbaum showed a slideshow of 75 of her "great magazine covers" in a 2009 article for New York magazine.[149] Jann S. Wenner included Madonna in his book Rolling Stone 50 Years of Covers (2018).[150]
Fashion trends

Over the course of various decades, Madonna earned a reputation as a fashion trendsetter. In Hollywood Goes Shopping (2000), David Desser and Garth Jowett named her a "perpetual fashion" trendsetter.[123] The reputation drastically changed turning the 21st century. However, by 2008, Julia Neel from British Vogue described her as "always ahead of the trends",[152] while writing for Elle in 2019, Charlotte Bitmead said she has "been dictating make-up trends since the 80s".[153] In similar remarks, Vogue's Christian Allaire commented in 2023, "she's continued to be for four decades now".[24]
In 2000, American fashion scholar Harold Koda explained Madonna's effect, making the comparison with pieces like corsets worn with trousers and saying they would never realistically have been picked up by a lot of people, but when she does it, it becomes inscribed on the cultural consciousness.[13] Kal Ruttenstein of Bloomingdale's describes that her influence "validates".[13]
Critical commentaries
There are few musical artists who can say they began their career by simultaneously igniting a whole new fashion craze, but it's precisely what the singer did back in 1983.
—Christian Allaire, Vogue (2023).[24]
Multiple fashion magazines noted how some trends initiated or propelled by Madonna have either remained or emegered again years later. On this, an editor of L'Officiel commented that she marked "real periods".[21] In 2015, Harper's Bazaar also mentioned "she cemented looks that remain culturally significant today".[154] In 2021, Daisy Maldonado from Yahoo! described how she "catapulted trends we still wear today", prompting to add "world still following her trends".[155] The same year, Carmen Martínez Pita from Cosmopolitan explored trends propelled by Madonna that are still in use.[156] In 2023, Vanity Fair Italia analyzed Madonna's trends of a 40-year career through her hair, described as a Hairpedia, saying some of them still being sported.[157] Design historian Jennifer Grayer Moore, delineates Madonna as a "catalyst for myriad long-lived fashion trends".[158]
Selected examples
While there were other contributors and factors, Madonna has been credited with helping popularize or initiate various fashion accessories and styles. Credits include lingerie as daywear,[155] or popularizing the bustier fashion look.[160] A number of publications have cited Madonna as the catalyst for starting the underwear as outerwear trend.[161][162] Her stage performance at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards is reported to mark the first time an artist's underwear was seen live on stage according to Silvia Maestrutti from Clarín.[163] Harper's Bazaar commented that "pop stars still swear by her underwear-worn-as-outerwear look".[154]
Madonna helped to propel the ponytail style in her generation, as she wore a sky-high blonde ponytail during her Blond Ambition World Tour. An observer, said: "I think that totally transformed how people saw the style, and absolutely launched its renaissance in fashion".[164] According to Beth Shapouri from Glamour, Madonna's Blond Ambition ponytail is easily one of the most iconic hairstyles of all time.[165] In Sociology (2013), authors explained that the singer Madonna had already pioneered a new style of celebrity involving genderbending.[166]
Madonna made an impact using Asian fashion imagery, documented by various. Academics Douglas Kellner and Rhonda Hammer, concurred that "although Madonna did not initiate the Indian fashion accessories beauty", she did propel it into the public eye by attracting the attention of the worldwide media.[167] Professor Christopher Partridge, similarly observed that "since Madonna first put Indian cultural symbols on the global fashion map, henna, bindis and Indian sartorial designs have become part of the global culture". Partridge, further adds that Madonna "ensured the Hindu invasion of Western popular musical space and made South Asian popular culture globally visible".[168] Other authors like academic Madhulika S. Khandelwal, have cited Madonna as an important medium for popularizing mehndi (henna tattoos) in the 1990s.[169][170]
Retail, campaigns and products
Her figure in the fashion industry encompasses clothing and beauty products from others inspired by her, and her own fashion brands. In the early to mid-1980s, manufacturers, including a company called 1045 Park Avenue, began to produce MTV-inspired fashion with key aspects of Madonna looks at that time.[158] Fashion designer Maripol also ran a boutique in the East Village, New York City, called "Maripolitan" where some items were officially licensed by Madonna. Its selling and distribution was limited to the city.[158] Madonna signed a merchandising deal with a clothing manufacturer called Entertainers Merchandise Management Corp. and they operated under the name of Wazoo fashions. In turn, Wazoo distributed official Madonna clothes to department stores across the country, including Bullock's and Merry-Go-Round stores in shopping malls.[171] In 1985, Macy's opened the department store "Madonnaland" selling clothes modeled after Madonna's style.[172] Many other retailers followed suit.[173] With the release of the movie Evita, inspired clothing and accessories were launched by Salvatore Ferragamo, cosmetics from Estée Lauder, and clothing in nine Bloomingdale's shops.[174]
Lipsticks

Three lipsticks have been created for Madonna. Laura Mercier created the lipstick "M" for her film Evita (1996).[175] The singer gave Mercier permission to market the shade as "Madonna Lip Color" becoming the first time she has allowed her name to be attached to a cosmetic product.[176][177] Make Up For Ever and make-up artist Gina Brooke created the "Aqua Rogue/Iconic Red" (shade #8) for Madonna to wear on her MDNA Tour in 2012,[178] embraced by celebrities like Taylor Swift according to Elle.[179] Poppy King believes that Madonna "ushered red lipstick back in as a symbol of strength" and of "glamorous rebellion".[180]
Russian Red (MAC Cosmetics): The "Russian Red" is the lipstick created by MAC Cosmetics, to wear on her Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990.[181] Joanne Gair called it the bespoke MAC shade.[182] The singer is credited with making it popular,[183] and an editor extensively explored how it made an impact for the Canadian brand.[184] According to various fashion-targeted magazines in the 2010s and 2020s, it went to become a bestseller and still stands strong after decades.[185][186][187] Allure commented "it's been a cult classic ever since",[188] while Paloma Abad from Vogue Spain called it as "one of the seven cosmetic wonders.[187] The same publication explained that Michael and Latoya Jackson or Linda Evangelista were among its most loyal buyers.[189]
Fashion dolls

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Author Bruce Wexler explained that "fashion icons such as Jackie Kennedy and Madonna have also inspired Barbies clothes".[190] According to ABC News, in the 1980s Barbie "made a strong fashion statement" wearing outrageous, over-the-top outfits "inspired by MTV and Madonna".[191] Professor Ann duCille commented about a time when Madonna "transformed underwear into outerwear" while Barbie also took to the streets in such clothes as see-through bustiers and spandex leggins.[192]
In 1987, author Cy Schneider noticed Madonna-inspired looks in Jem fashion dolls.[193] Mattel Italian collaborators Mario Paglino and Gianni Grossi, known as Magia 2000, have portrayed Madonna in several fashion dolls that have been featured in a number of magazines and websites worldwide. They claimed that the singer inspired their foray into this field.[194]
Madonna fashion brands and endorsements

Madonna became the face of multiple campaigns of fashion houses. In 1999, she became the face of a Max Factor campaign.[195] She also became the face of multiples Louis Vuitton and Versace campaigns.[196][197]
Madonna also created her own fashion brands. In 2007, she launched in association with H&M a clothing line called "M by Madonna", the first collection of clothes she designed. According to Hindustan Times, she also became the "first celebrity with no designing experience to infiltrate the superstore's shelves".[198] Upon the launch of the "Material Girl" line in 2010, Erin Skarda from Time magazine said she stepped up her role in fashion.[15] In 2014, Madonna launched the MDNA Skin, with an editor from W saying she helped raise the bar for quality among these celebrities ventures.[86] In 2019, Madonna teamed up with Too Faced for the limited-release of two make-up box sets inspired by her stage looks of the Madame X era.[153][199]
Reception
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The initial sales of clothing inspired by Madonna throughout late 20th century, impacted retail sales. Authors in Defining Visions (1998) described results by saying: "No pop star had more impact on retail clothing sales than Madonna".[200] Macy's store sold out its Madonna-licensed fashions and jewelry within two days.[201] Amid the height of MTV Generation, Michael Cortese, president of 1045 Park Avenue, compared the sales of the Michael Jackson-inspired line, describing it as "terrible", while Terry Melville, Macy's fashion director, added that in contrast, Madonna's line was successful "because [she] brought a whole new way of dressing that was a total contrast to the menswear look for women that preceded it".[201] Regarding Madonna's fashion contests, professor E. Ann Kaplan called it a "successful exploitation" of her style by clothing companies.[202] Overall, Laura Mulvey commented "Madonna's performances make full use of the potential of cosmetics".[203]
Throughout the first two decades of the 21st century, some accessories and fashion items related to Madonna saw a notorious sales increase. The red string used in Kabbalah gained a surge in sales.[204] Retailer Boots reported a 72% rise in the sales of hair rollers after the release of "Hung Up".[9] According to Antoine Arnault, everything worn in Madonna's Spring Summer Campaign for Louis Vuitton in 2009, sold out within months.[196] Madonna's own fashion brands, obtained solid sales as well.
Selected wardrobe pieces and looks
In Oh Fashion (1994), by professors Shari Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss, it was said that many of her pieces achieved the status of popular to becoming cultural icons.[205] Publications have frequently elaborated on "best Madonna looks" and similar lists, such as a 2020 list by L'Officiel that described Madonna pieces as marking the "history of music and fashion".[21] Madonna has appeared on general-interest lists, including a 2021 Glamour list of "iconic fashion moments in music history", appearing twice, at the top and in the 24-position.[206] In 2023, Christian Allaire from Vogue commented "Madonna has delivered plenty of [...] looks that people still talk about today".[24] The same year, Glamour magazine stated she has been "at the forefront of many of the most memorable pop culture moments of the last 50+ years".[207]
Like a Virgin-era dress
American journalist Lyndsey Parker, commented that her performance at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards catapulted the singer to "superstar status", and its costume played a foremost role, as it seemed every girl in the United States wanted to be Madonna (or a "Madonnabe"). She defined the moment by saying: "No one had ever seen anything like it at the time".[208] Parker further notes that "it remains such a signature look" that Madonna has referenced it in other performances.[208]
- Like a Virgin-era dress at Hard Rock Cafe (USA)
- Like a Virgin-era dress at Hard Rock Cafe (USA)
White dress at the 1991 Academy awards
Her World included the dress in Madonna's looks that "have influenced a generation of pop singers".[209] According to Californian newspaper La Opinión, the 1991 Academy Awards marked a milestone in the history of the red carpet, when Madonna and Michael Jackson arrived together.[210]
- The white dress on display, design of Bob Mackie
Madonna's Jean-Paul Gaultier pink conical-bra corset (Blond World Tour Ambition 1990)
So much more than just a 'moment', Madonna's groundbreaking cone bra encouraged generations of female pop performers to embrace their sexuality on stage via their sartorial choices.
According to the National Geographic Society "it quickly became one of many iconic looks associated with" her.[211] To Tim Blanks, Madonna in her Gaultier cone-bra "is one of the most unforgettable images of the entire decade" (the 1990s).[4] Another Magazine's Jack Moss called it "an image of true pop culture ubiquity".[212] It was suggested to be arguably Madonna's most seminal look,[61] while Bryan Goh of Her World, said that entire look "has gone on to achieve cult status".[209]
The cone bra has been described as more than just a part of fashion history, or an artefact hanging in a museum according to Liam Hess of Vogue, who said "its legacy lies in the very real way in which it has encouraged generations of female pop performers".[213] While the cone bra existed before, the Madonna bra has since influenced numerous fashion designers and pop stars alike, wrote an editor from Entertainment Weekly in 2020.[214]
- Madonna's Gaultier Pink conical-bra corset
- Madonna's Gaultier bustier at Génération 80 Experience, Belgium
- The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk (2013)
- Conical-bra corset in 3D-version at the Kunsthal Rotterdam (NL)
Reenactments
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Many of her pieces have been recreated or inspired similar ones. According to Joanne Garde-Hansen from University of Gloucestershire, Madonna's Gaultier conical bra is one of her most emulated outfits.[2] Some references are noted in Hocus Pocus by Stephanie Faracy, and inspired-like Lady Gaga (2009 MuchMusic Video Awards) or Cameron Diaz (photo shoot for V in 2009) among many others.[214]
María Mérida from Vogue in its Spanish-language edition, noted the influence of the Like a Virgin-look dress saying that if "one of your looks turns into a Halloween costume, it is because you have achieved something important", and this style is still one of the most demanded at Halloween parties, Mérida claimed.[215]
At auctions and other exhibitions

L'Officiel Brazil described that "her style influence has turned her garments into extremely valuable items".[217]
The Guinness World Records listed a corset designed by Jean-Paul Gaultier sold at Christie's in London in May 1994 for $19,360 as the most ever paid for an item of clothing belonging to Madonna.[218] However, numerous pieces of Madonna's clothing have since fetched higher prices. A 2001 Sotheby's online auction, sold another corset for $24,000, which, according to other publications surpassed the largest paid for a Madonna fashion item.[219][220] The top-selling bra in history is believed to be a Madonna's bra.[216] Other pieces such as the jacket worn at Desperately Seeking Susan raised $252,000 and a dress worn at "Vogue"'s video, $179,200.[221][222]
In 2014, a collection of dresses and outfits worn by Madonna in her music and film careers helped a celebrity auction raise $3.2 million.[221] In 2009, an exhibition in London named Simply Madonna: Materials Of The Girl featured 300 outfits, became the largest collection outside of Madonna's own.[223] In 2010, another exhibition Simply Madonna was on display at Melbourne, Australia.[224]
Influence and impact
Industrial and conceptual
Probably no other woman in history has had such an impact on fashion as Madonna has
—Suhani Pittie on Madonna's fashion impact (2015)[225]
Madonna's fashion sense and its cultural impact have received both immediate and retrospective discussions. The staff of Billboard commented in 2015, that "her sense of style became as influential as her chart-topping tunes".[33] In Oh Fashion (1994) by professors Shari Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss, it was described: "Madonna's fashion moves generally caught shifts in cultural style and taste".[205] In 2018, Liana Satenstein from Vogue referred to her "huge impact on the runway and the red carpet over the course of her decades-long career".[226]
Madonna's fashion influence and advent were so solid that commentators from Arianne Phillips to Diane Asitimbay made similar connotations by stating with her advent, "fashion has never been the same" and that she "changed fashion forever".[4][227] Paloma Herce from fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar, in its Spanish-language edition, held she created a "before and after" period.[69] American designer Todd Oldham, was quoted as saying that she is to fashion what the Big Bang theory is to the creation of the world.[228] In Muckraker (2014), researcher Carlos Primo, music critic Javier Blánquez, journalist Daniel Arjona and philosopher Leticia García agreed that Madonna paved the road for a new way of understanding the relationship between fashion and show business.[229] Cynthia Robins of San Francisco Chronicle further adds that "when Madonna came along, all fashion hell broke loose. She established a heady pace".[230] Asitimbay stated that Madonna and Michael Jordan "did more for the fashion industry in the United States than many of our fashion models put together".[227]
Her fashion influence came from diverse sources; authors of The 1980s (2007), commented that "she influenced styles in so many ways via her music videos".[49] She also did with tours; with her Blond Ambition World Tour alone, Drew Mackie from People magazine stated it "helped cement the link between pop costumes and couture".[231]
On public
[Madonna] whose enormous global influence on how people dress and look is without equal.
Madonna's fashion impact on others is noted across multiple decades.[233] By 2008, Robert Verdi was quoted as saying Madonna was like an adjective in fashion, describing: "Friends will go shopping with each other and say, 'It's so Madonna.' That's what you want in fashion".[234] In similar connotations, Anna Wintour and British author Michael Pye concurred that she "makes fashion happen", with Pye further adding that "she's fashion".[235] Similarly, Mary Sollosi commented for Entertainment Weekly in 2022, she had an impact on what's in vogue every step of the way.[34] The same year, Amalissa Hall from Tatler summarized "she's inspired major fashion movements over the years" and at the height of her career, from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, "whatever she wore, the public followed".[236]
According to Katya Foreman from BBC, her impact was eminent amid the youth culture of her generation, with a combination of attire and attitude.[4] The most notorious group were young girls, known later as the Madonna wannabes with an unusually high number of women began to dress like Madonna. Other female singers in the MTV Generation attained fashion impact, but "Madonna's persona and 'look' inspired the greatest fandom", noted professor Gary Burns in A Companion to Popular Culture (2016).[67] In The History of Rock and Roll (2012), Stuart Kallen expressed: "Madonna changed the way young women dressed virtually overnight".[237] In reviewing that decade in 1990, Barbara Fole of Los Angeles Times called her "the woman who has influenced the fashion scene more than anyone else in the 1980s".[3] Madonna's changing styles continued to influence women's fashion in the following years (and decades),[238] but the 1980s are said to be the pinnacle of her fashion influence.[239]
By the late 1990s, Canadian professor Karlene Faith commented that her "fashion influence has crossed generations",[240] while editors of Rock Fashion (1999) described, "Madonna has been the top influence everywhere".[160] In 2022, Pratik Aswal from Indian Institute of Art & Design, perceived that "her style is still imitated by her fans even today".[11] Individuals like Alyson Walsh from The Guardian (2015) to Louise Gray of i-D (2018) and Stephen Doig from The Daily Telegraph (2023) have dedicated articles discussing ongoing Madonna's influence on them, or during her prime.[241][8][233]
Influence on people from fashion industry
As early as 1985, Mark Bego echoed her influence on many things —including on fashion designers— saying "knows no foreseeable boundaries".[243] In 1990, Foley explained that "she inspires some of the biggest names in the clothing business".[3] A 1999 article of Journal of American Culture from Bowling Green State University, described how during the 1980s and 1990s, aspects of Madonna's styles influenced the styles of leading designers in Paris and London.[244] Her continued influence was felt or discussed in next decades. In 2021, a website called Dazz Fashion said "many designers" have been influenced by her style,[72] and in 2015, an editor from Fashion Week Mexico concurred that she has been a "constant inspiration" on runway shows around the world.[73] Simone Vertua of L'Officiel adds: "Madonna's style had influenced fashion designers to make unforgettable collaborations".[21] In 2021, Vogue also remarked it, saying she had inspired collections of "various" designers.[6]
Anna Sui credited Madonna for her inspiring to run her first runway show.[245] German designer Michael Michalsky commented that he has taken inspiration from her in his collections.[246]
Influence on other entertainers
Madonna's style influenced other entertainers and was noted in numerous celebrities and artists.[247] In 2012, after decades since her debut, author Tom Streissguth was convinced that Madonna attitude has survived, as many female music and style celebrities have had a little bit of her in their style.[248] Others have addressed the path Madonna paved, including Vogue magazine.[6] About this whole point, Simone Vertua from L'Officiel argued "her looks have totally revolutionized the way of thinking of all the pop stars".[21] Similarly, Leah Melby Clinton of Glamour adds that "she totally paved the way for future pop-tart ladies".[249] An observer said that "before pop stars like Rihanna were fixtures at fashion shows, on the runway, and on fashion magazines, Madonna forged that frontier".[86]
Various individuals have publicly expressed Madonna's fashion influence on them. Alone in the 2010s and 2020s, Kelly Osbourne named Madonna as her biggest fashion influence,[250] while celebrities such as Naomi Campbell and Rita Ora have cited her as one of her fashion icons.[251][252] Kelly Brook also referred to her as her style icon while growing up.[253]
Accolades

According to Harper's Bazaar, designers like Riccardo Tisci have paid tribute to Madonna.[154] Simon Doonan paid homage to her in a slideshow at Barney's called The Mesmerizing Mistress of Perpetual Reinvention.[12] In a 1985 interview, Michael Gross asked Madonna, "how do you feel about designers paying tribute to you?". "I'm very flattered", she said.[255]
Designers such as Riccardo Tisci, Donatella Versace and Karl Lagerfeld once expressed their admiration towards her in fashion terms; Lagerfeld called her indeed "the single greatest fashion influence in the world".[256][257][258] In 2019, Versace was commissioned by L'Officiel to write a special article about Madonna, where she became "reflective".[258] Designer William Baker once said: "It's such a cliché now, but I was obsessed with Madonna and would regularly dress up as her".[259] Designer Simon Doonan, in another connotation once described that "Madonna is like an incredible patron saint for fashion".[12]
Like Lagerfeld, Vogue magazine also proclaimed her as the "greatest single fashion influence" in the world.[260] Similarly, Suhani Pittie said "it would not be wrong to say that she is in fact 'the' most influential women's fashion icon ever",[225] while Jean-Paul Gaultier told Spanish press in 2012, that she is the "biggest fashion icon".[261]
Listicles
Madonna has appeared in a number of listicles and publications. In 2009, Clothes Show London conducted a poll of fashion biggest icons of the 20th century divided by decades. Madonna won the 1980s section, with 75 percent —the highest sum attained by the other decade's winners.[262] She was also included in Rolling Stone's list of musicians who defined the 1990s fashion.[263]
Year | Publication | List or Work | Rank | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | Glamour | The 25 Most Influential Style Icons in Music | 1 | [264] |
2012 | Time | All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons, Style and Design | — | [15] |
2013 | Today | The Most Memorable Style Icons | 10 | [265] |
2015 | Flavorwire | Music's 40 Greatest Style Icons | 5 | [266] |
2015 | Harper's Bazaar | Women Who Changed Fashion: The Style Icons | — | [154] |
2017 | 150 World's Most Fashionable Women | — | [267] | |
2016 | Design Museum | Fifty Women's Fashion Icons that Changed the World | — | [268] |
2016 | Beyond Words Publishing | Style Icons Who Changed the World Through Fashion | — | [269] |
2020 | Uproxx | The Most Influential Style Icons In Music History | — | [270] |
2021 | Laurence King Publishing | 100 Women 100 Styles (The Women Who Changed the Way We Look) |
— | [271] |
Awards and recognition
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Madonna has received a number of awards for her fashion. She was honored with the Style Icon by Elle Style Awards in 2007, recognizing her contributions in the field, and for her ever-evolving image.[272] She won various VH1 Fashion Awards, including the first Versace Award in 1998, as their panel agreed that "her career has been the model for the infusion of celebrity and glamour into fashion and in many ways created the fashion world as it is known today".[273] Madonna was included in the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List.[274]
Over the course of multiple decades, Madonna was nicknamed variously, including being called a "Goddess of Fashion", "Queen of Style" or a "Queen of Fashion".[33][275][257] In 2003, Czech newspaper Mladá fronta DNES named her the "Queen of Fashion Trends" and the "Master of Kitsch".[276] She was also called the "Queen of Camp".[277] In 2015, an editor from fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar retrospectively called her "Queen of Street Style".[69] In 1998, The Straits Times called her "Queen of many faces".[278]
Museum and galleries exhibitions
Many pieces sported by Madonna have been part of various exhibitions around the world, including:
- Rock Style (December 9, 1999 – March 19, 2000) — Metropolitan Museum of Art[279]
- Extreme Beauty: The Body Transformed (December 6, 2001 – March 17, 2002) — Metropolitan Museum of Art[280]
- Kimono: Kyoto to Catwalk (2020) — Victoria and Albert Museum[281]
- Cine y Moda (Cinema and Fashion) (2022) — Cinémathèque Française and La Caixa Foundation[282]
Following a selected gallery of Madonna's clothing displayed at fashion museums or memorabilia exhibitions.
- Madonna's Gaultier Kimono at Victoria and Albert Museum (UK)
- Madonna's Stella McCartney dress worn in 2011 Met Gala displayed at Hermitage Museum (RU)
- Madonna's footwear at Salvatore Ferragamo Museum (IT)
- A Madonna leather jacket at Hard Rock Cafe London
- Madonna's dress from the movie Body of Evidence, located in Hard Rock Café Oslo
Written works
Among Madonna's books, some of them have a central theme focused on either her style, evolution or magazine covers. As various photographers have edited more than one, and from a general sense, Maura Johnston commented "the variety of approaches writers, editors, and photographers have taken to craft their portraits is a testament to how her career has both inspired and provoked".[283]
- The following is a non-exhaustive list:
Style and fashion:
- Madonna: The Style Book (1992) by Debbie Voller (ISBN 0-7119-7511-6)
- Madonna Style (2002) by Carol Clerk (ISBN 3-8960-2423-X)
- Madonna Style (2012) by Stacey Appel (ISBN 0-8571-2796-9)
Photography:
- Madonna Nude 1979: In the Beginning: A Photographic Tribute (2002) by Martin H. M. Schreiber (ISBN 1-8926-9511-1)
- Madonna: Nudes + (2017) by Schreiber (ISBN 3-8945-0083-2)
- Madonna NYC 83 (2013) by Richard Corman (ISBN 8-8620-8288-6)
- Madonna 66 (2016) by Corman (ISBN 1-5272-0056-6)
Magazines:
- MLVC60: Madonna's Most Amazing Magazine Covers: A Visual Record (2018) by Matthew Rettenmund (ISBN 0-5784-0330-7)
See also
- List of people on the cover of Attitude magazine
- List of Elle (India) cover models
- List of people on the cover of GQ Russia
- Lists of Harper's Bazaar cover models
- List of people on the cover of i-D magazine
- List of Jane magazine cover models
- List of NME covers
- Lists of Playboy models
- Lists of covers of Time magazine
- List of TV Guide covers
- List of V magazine cover models
- Lists of people on the United States cover of Rolling Stone
- List of Vogue cover models
Notes
- Listicles limited to only ten publications.
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- Bego, Mark (2000). Madonna: Blonde Ambition. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0815410514.
- Bell, Alison (2004). Fearless Fashion. Lobster Press. ISBN 1894222865.
- Benstock, Shari; Ferriss, Suzanne (1994). On Fashion. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813520339.
- Blanco F, José; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia Kay; Lee, Heather Vaughan; Doering, Mary (2015). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693103.
- Blumenthal, Deborah (1995). The New York Book of Beauty. City & Company. ISBN 1885492235.
- Brown, Stephen (2004). Free Gift Inside!!: Forget the Customer. Develop Marketease. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1841126020.
- Burns, Gary (2016). A Companion to Popular Culture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405192057.
- Calboli, Irene; Senftleben, Martin (2018). The Protection of Non-traditional Trademarks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198826575.
- Church Gibson, Pamela (2013). Fashion and Celebrity Culture. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-0857852311.
- Cochrane, Lauren (2016). Fifty Women's Fashion Icons that Changed the World: Design Museum Fifty. Hachette. ISBN 978-1840917475.
- Cote, Rachel Vorona (2020). Too Much: How Victorian Constraints Still Bind Women Today. Hachette. ISBN 978-1538729717.
- Cramer, Alfred William (2009). Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century. Salem Press. ISBN 978-1587655159.
- Cross, Mary (2007). Madonna: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33811-3.
- Desser, David; Jowett, Garth (2000). Hollywood Goes Shopping. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816635137.
- Dickinson, Kay (2003). Movie Music, the Film Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0415281598.
- duCille, Ann (1996). Skin Trade. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674810848.
- Drushel, Bruce E.; Peters, Brian M. (2017). Sontag and the Camp Aesthetic: Advancing New Perspectives. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1498537773.
- Faith, Karlene; Wasserlein, Frances (1997). Madonna, Bawdy & Soul. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-802-04208-2.
- Flynn, Paul (2017). Good As You: From Prejudice to Pride – 30 Years of Gay Britain. Random House. ISBN 978-1473529175.
- Fryd, Hallie (2019). Scandalous!: 50 Shocking Events You Should Know About (So You Can Impress Your Friends). Zest Books. ISBN 978-1541582002.
- Gan, Stephen (1999). Visionaire's Fashion 2001: Designers of the New Avant-garde. Universe Publishing. ISBN 0789303574.
- Garde-Hansen, Joanne (2011). Media and Memory. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748688883.
- Giuntini, Parme P.; Hagen, Kathryn (2008). Garb: A Fashion and Culture Reader. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131119109.
- Gnojewski, Carol (2017). Madonna: Fighting for Self-Expression. Enslow Publishing. ISBN 978-0766092556.
- Guilbert, Georges-Claude (2015). Madonna as Postmodern Myth. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-48071-5.
- Gundle, Stephen (2008). Glamour: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199210985.
- Hallenbeck-Huber, Marjorie (2010). Celebrities' Most Wanted. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1597975100.
- Harrison, Thomas R. (2011). Music of the 1980s. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36599-7.
- Hunt, Jilly (2012). Popular Culture: 1980-1999. Raintree Publishers. ISBN 978-1406256567.
- Kallen, Stuart A. (2012). The History of Rock and Roll. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1420506945.
- Kaplan, E. Ann (2016). Rocking Around the Clock. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317227687.
- Kellner, Douglas; Hammer, Rhonda (2009). Media/cultural Studies: Critical Approaches. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-9526-2.
- Khandelwal, Madhulika S. (2018). Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501722028.
- King, Poppy (2016). The A to Z of Lipstick. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1501141683.
- Krieken, Robert Van; Habibis, Daphne; Smith, Philip; Hutchins, Brett; Martin, Greg; Maton, Karl (2013). Sociology. Pearson Higher Education. ISBN 978-1442562363.
- Landrum, Gene N. (1994). Profiles of Female Genius: Thirteen Creative Women who Changed the World. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-892-9.
- Litt, Jerome Z. (2005). Neurological Drug Reactions and Interactions. CRC Press. ISBN 0415467365.
- Lynch, Annette; Strauss, Mitchell (2007). Changing Fashion: A Critical Introduction to Trend Analysis and Cultural Meaning. Berg Publishers. ISBN 978-1845203900.
- McFarlan, Donald (2000). Guinness World Records 2000. Bantam Books. ISBN 1892051001.
- Moeran, Brian (2016). The Magic of Fashion: Ritual, Commodity, Glamour. Routledge. ISBN 978-1315417967.
- Moore, Jennifer Grayer (2015). Fashion Fads Through American History: Fitting Clothes into Context: Fitting Clothes into Context. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610699020.
- Mulvey, Laura (1996). Fetishism and Curiosity. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0851705472.
- Nowell, Iris (2004). Generation Deluxe: Consumerism and Philanthropy of the New Super-Rich. Dundurn Press. ISBN 155002972X.
- O'Brien, Lucy (2007). Madonna: Like an Icon. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0-593-05547-2.
- O'Neill, Michael (2014). The Best Bar Trivia Book Ever. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1440579486.
- Pallingston, Jessica (1999). Lipstick: A Celebration of a Girl's Best Friend. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684858703.
- Partridge, Christopher (2017). The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1474237352.
- Raines, Jenyne M. (2010). Beautylicious!: The Black Girl's Guide to the Fabulous Life. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0307513878.
- Remland, Martin S. (2016). Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1483370248.
- Sexton, Adam (1993). Desperately Seeking Madonna: in search of the meaning of the world's most famous woman. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0385306881.
- Schneider, Cy (1987). Children's Television: The Art, the Business, and how it Works. NTC Business Books. ISBN 0844231460.
- Schwichtenberg, Cathy (1993). The Madonna connection. Westview Press. ISBN 0813313961.
- Sims, Josh; Peachey, Mal (1999). Rock Fashion. Omnibus. ISBN 071197733X.
- Steele, Valerie (2015). The Berg Companion to Fashion. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1474264709.
- Streissguth, Tom (2012). Getting the Hang of Fashion and Dress Codes: A How-to Guide. Enslow Publishing. ISBN 978-1464503528.
- Stępień, Justyna (2014). Redefining Kitsch and Camp in Literature and Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443867795.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (September 27, 2001). Madonna: An Intimate Biography. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2880-0.
- Tzvetkova, Juliana (2017). Pop Culture in Europe. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-4466-9.
- Watson, Mary Ann; Nash, Gerald D.; Etulain, Richard W. (1998). Defining Visions: Television and the American Experience Since 1945. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-15-503201-1.
- Hatschek, Keith; Wells, Veronica A. (2018). Historical Dictionary of the American Music Industry. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1538111444.
- Wexler, Bruce (2022). Classic Country Toys: An Illustrated History of Americana. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1510756953.
- Widdicombe, Ben (2021). Gatecrasher: How I Helped the Rich Become Famous and Ruin the World. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1982128845.
- Wooster, Patricia (2014). So, You Want to Work in Fashion?. Aladdin/Beyond Words. ISBN 158270452X.
Non-English books
- Celnik, Jacobo (2018). La causa nacional: Historias del rock en Colombia (in Spanish). Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-9585425538.
- García, Leticia; Primo, Carlos (2014). El nuevo traje del emperador (in Spanish). Capitán Swing Libros. ISBN 978-8494287817.
- Steinmetzer, Jan; Müller, Sabine; Groß, Dominik (2015). Normal - anders - krank?: Akzeptanz, Stigmatisierung und Pathologisierung im Kontext der Medizin (in German). Martin Werhand Verlag. ISBN 978-3954661879.
External links
- Madonna at Vogue (website)