Eriocapitella

Eriocapitella is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to Asia.[1] The generic name Eriocapitella roughly translates to "growing in a small woolly head", which refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some members of the genus. Cultivated plants are commonly known as fall-blooming anemones.[2][3]

Eriocapitella
Eriocapitella hupehensis (Sichuan, China)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Eriocapitella
Nakai

Taxonomy

Eriocapitella was named by the Japanese botanist Takenoshin Nakai in 1941.[4] It was proposed as a section of genus Anemone in 1991,[5] but later segregated into genus Eriocapitella.

Taxa

As of December 2020, Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts 6 species in the genus Eriocapitella:[1]

An artificial hybrid is also recognized by POWO:[6]

  • Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng
    • Basionym: Anemone japonica var. hybrida L.H.Bailey
    • Synonym: Anemone × hybrida Paxton

The parents of the hybrid are E. japonica and E. vitifolia. Historically, the hybrid was developed in Europe after E. japonica was brought to England in 1843.[3]

Etymology

The Latin word capitellatus (or capitellata) means "growing in a small head".[7] Since the prefix erio- (from the Greek ἔριον) means "woolly" (or "wool"),[8] the generic name Eriocapitella translates to "growing in a small woolly head". Presumably this refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some of the taxa in the genus.

Distribution

Plants of genus Eriocapitella are native to Asia. They are found throughout the Himalaya region, across much of East Asia and Southeast Asia, ranging as far south as Sumatra.[1]

Plants of the genus have been introduced to Czechoslovakia, Ecuador, Germany, Japan, Korea, and elsewhere.[1]

Cultivation

Plants of genus Eriocapitella have been cultivated since at least the 17th century, probably as far back as the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907). During that time, a form of E. hupehensis with smaller, semi-double flowers and pink sepals escaped cultivation and spread across China to Japan and Korea. This form of E. hupehensis, brought to England from China by the plant explorer Robert Fortune in 1843, became known as the Japanese anemone (E. japonica). European horticulturists crossed the Japanese anemone with E. vitifolia, a wide-ranging Asian species with white sepals. Today we find a large number of Japanese anemone hybrids (E. × hybrida) with single, semi-double, or double flowers having white, pink, or purple sepals.[3][2][9]

Fall-blooming anemones usually have white or pink blossoms with a globe-shaped seed head. Newly opened blossoms mingle with the seed heads for several weeks between late July and October. The plants thrive in light to partial shade but will tolerate full sun as long as there’s sufficient moisture. Overly wet conditions should be avoided, and mulch should be applied in the fall, especially in northern climates. Japanese beetles, black blister beetles, and foliar nematodes can be a problem.[3]

At the Chicago Botanic Garden, Rudy experimented with 26 cultivars of fall-blooming anemones over a 5-year period beginning in 1998. The experiments evaluated various cultivars of E. hupehensis, E. × hybrida, E. japonica, and E. tomentosa. About 40% of the cultivars had a bloom length of 50 days or more. The longest bloom length recorded was 65 days.[2]

Cultivar Flower color Flower form Height Width Bloom period Bloom length Origin
E. hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'[10] pale purple single 27 in. 40 in. mid Sep-early Nov 45.2 days Hadspen Garden, Sommerset, England
E. hupehensis 'Praecox'[11] pink single 50 in. 33 in. late Jul-early Oct 51.8 days Germany, 1935
E. hupehensis 'Superba'[12] lavender pink semi-double 26 in. 29 in. early Sep-early Nov 47.2 days
E. × hybrida 'Alba'[13] white single mid Sep-late Oct 24.0 days
E. × hybrida 'Alice'[14] pale pink semi-double 32 in. 37 in. mid Sep-early Nov 53.5 days W. Pfitzer, Germany
E. × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson'[15] white single to semi-double 35 in. 20 in. late Aug-mid Nov 64.7 days
E. × hybrida 'Avalanche' white double mid Aug-late Oct 37.0 days
E. × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'[16] white single to semi-double 40 in. 33 in. mid Sep-mid Nov 45.8 days France, 1858
E. × hybrida 'Königin Charlotte'[17] pale pink semi-double 36 in. 31 in. late Sep-early Nov 25.4 days W. Pfitzer, Germany, 1898
E. × hybrida 'Kriemhilde'[18] pink single to semi-double 30 in. 19 in. late Aug-early Nov 56.0 days Germany, 1908
E. × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour'[19] pale pink single late Sep-late Oct 16.0 days France
E. × hybrida 'Loreley'[20] pink semi-double 0.0 days
E. × hybrida 'Margarete'[21] deep pink semi-double 22 in. 30 in. late Aug-early Nov 49.3 days Germany
E. × hybrida 'Max Vogel'[22] pink semi-double 43 in. 35 in. mid Aug-early Nov 62.5 days
E. × hybrida 'Montrose'[23] pale purple double 27 in. 30 in. mid Sep-early Nov 43.5 days France
E. × hybrida 'Richard Ahrens'[24] pink single to semi-double 27 in. 31 in. mid Sep-late Oct 48.7 days W. Pfitzer, Germany, 1921
E. × hybrida 'Robustissima'[25] pink single 41 in. 40 in. late Aug-mid Nov 63.0 days France, 1900
E. × hybrida 'September Charm'[26] pale purple single 30 in. 20 in. late Aug-early Nov 48.2 days England, 1932
E. × hybrida 'Serenade'[27] pink semi-double 23 in. 40 in. mid Aug-late Oct 64.5 days
E. × hybrida 'Victor Jones' pale pink single 31 in. 35 in. late Aug-mid Oct 53.4 days
E. × hybrida 'Whirlwind'[28] white semi-double 27 in. 35 in. early Sep-early Nov 41.1 days Rochester, NY 1887
E. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'[29] deep pink semi-double to double 20 in. 32 in. early Sep-early Nov 54.2 days Alan Bloom, England
E. japonica 'Pamina'[30] deep pink semi-double to double 30 in. 28 in. late Aug-late Oct 46.8 days Germany
E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'[31] rose pink semi-double to double 28 in. 31 in. early Sep-early Nov 64.8 days Germany, 1902
E. japonica 'Splendens'[32] rose pink single to semi-double 25 in. 34 in. late Aug-early Nov 61.2 days 1920
E. tomentosa 'Alba' white single late Sep-early Nov 22.0 days

As of March 2020, the following cultivars have gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society:[33]

  • E. hupehensis 'Bowles's Pink'[34]
  • E. × hybrida 'Elegans'[35]
  • E. hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'
  • E. × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'
  • E. × hybrida 'Königin Charlotte' ('Queen Charlotte')
  • E. japonica 'Pamina'
  • E. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'[36]
  • E. × hybrida 'September Charm'

The cultivars E. × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson', E. × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour', E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich', and E. × hybrida 'Robustissima' were removed from the AGM list in 2013.

Bibliography
  • Bowles, Edward A.; Stearn, William T. (1947). "The History of Anemone japonica, Part I". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 72 (7): 261–268.
  • Bowles, Edward A.; Stearn, William T. (1947). "The History of Anemone japonica, Part II". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 72 (8): 297–308.
  • Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
  • Herman, Robert (2004). "Fall-blooming anemones". Fine Gardening. 99: 48–52. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  • Rudy, Mark R. (2004). "Fall-blooming Anemones" (PDF). Plant Evaluation Notes, Issue 25. Chicago Botanic Garden. Retrieved 26 December 2020.

References
  1. "Eriocapitella Nakai". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  2. Rudy (2004).
  3. Herman, Robert (2004). "Fall-blooming anemones". Fine Gardening. 99: 48–52. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  4. "Eriocapitella Nakai". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  5. "Anemone sect. Eriocapitella (Nakai) Tamura". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  6. "Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  7. Gledhill (2008), p. 90.
  8. Gledhill (2008), p. 156.
  9. Klingaman, Gerald (13 October 2006). "Japanese anemone". University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  10. "Anemone hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  11. "Anemone hupehensis 'Praecox'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  12. "Anemone hupehensis 'Superba'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  13. "Anemone × hybrida 'Alba'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  14. "Anemone × hybrida 'Alice'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  15. "Anemone × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  16. "Anemone × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  17. "Anemone × hybrida 'Konigin Charlotte'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  18. "Anemone × hybrida 'Kriemhilde'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  19. "Anemone × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  20. "Anemone × hybrida 'Loreley'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  21. "Anemone × hybrida 'Margarete'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  22. "Anemone × hybrida 'Max Vogel'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  23. "Anemone × hybrida 'Montrose'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  24. "Anemone × hybrida 'Richard Ahrens'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  25. "Anemone × hybrida 'Robustissima'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  26. "Anemone × hybrida 'September Charm'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  27. "Anemone × hybrida 'Serenade'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  28. "Anemone × hybrida 'Whirlwind'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  29. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  30. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Pamina'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  31. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  32. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Splendens'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  33. "Ornamentals AGM Plants March 2020" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  34. "Anemone hupehensis 'Bowles's Pink'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  35. "Anemone × hybrida 'Elegans'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  36. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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