English Reformation Parliament

An Act was passed to prevent the clergy from being subject to separate canonical courts. Instead, they were now to be trialled in the same way as everybody else in England was and not be looked upon favourably by the courts.

In October 1530 Cromwell surprised even his mentor Wolsey by taking praemunire action against the English clergy, essentially accusing them of appealing to a power outside of the realm (i.e., the Pope) - not for a specific reason but rather the entire principle of papal authority over English law.[13] The clergy were therefore charged with treason. Once the clergy acknowledged Henry as the head of the Church of England, charges were dropped.[14]

The session of 1532 saw plan and purpose that had not been evident in earlier sessions.[15]

The first Act of Annates (the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates) was passed allowing only 5% of the money normally remitted to Rome. Annates were monies (church taxes effectively) that were collected in England and sent to Rome. They were levied on any diocese by Rome as payment in return for the nomination and papal authorization for the consecration of a bishop. One third of the first year's revenues from the particular diocese went to Rome. The King passed legislation threatening to deprive the pope of these revenues. During this year even more intensive work was done to try to get Pope Clement to agree to the divorce Henry required. The Parliament threatened that if Henry did not get his annulment/divorce within a year, then all payments to Rome would be stopped. The anti-clerical Act titled Supplication Against the Ordinaries was also passed.

This act removed the Pope from any jurisdiction over the English crown, affairs, or lands; the English monarch was now the ultimate authority. Henry used the argument that England was an empire and therefore not subject to the Pope’s control.[16] Ultimately, as “supreme head” of the church,[17] this act provided Henry the ability to legally divorce Katherine and marry Anne Boleyn.[18] Most importantly, it provided the foundation for subsequent legislative reform concerning the English church and the monarch’s authority.[19]

Payment of Peter's Pence (a tax collected annually from householders) to the See of Rome was abolished. The Act also eradicated pluralism in the clergy (the right to hold more than one parish) and forbade English clergy from attending religious assemblies abroad.

The Succession Act of 1533 (passed in 1534) declared Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon's marriage invalid and Mary therefore illegitimate, which established his daughter Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I) as his heir.[20]

Henry wanted to silence critics of these changes to legislation and heirs (for example, Elizabeth Barton[21]). As a result, Cromwell wrote legislation to ensure that any challenge to the Act of Supremacy (questioning the monarch’s authority) or the Act of Succession (questioning the line of succession) would be considered treason and punishable by death.[22]

The second Act of Annates was passed, called the Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates. The annates were, along with the supremacy over the church in England, reserved to the crown, and the English crown now took all revenue charged for the appointment of bishops. The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the pope to the crown. The Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The first Act of Supremacy (among other things) began the process by which the dissolution of monasteries was to be undertaken. It quickly followed the receipt of a survey called Valor Ecclesiasticus, but applied only to religious houses with an income of less than two hundred pounds a year.

This act decreed that smaller monasteries with a yearly income of less than £200 throughout England would be closed.[23]

Under the guise of addressing corrupt and usury practices of the clergy, Cromwell sought a way to not only extend Crown control of the clergy but also seize their assets. In doing so, Cromwell found a way to enrich the Crown’s struggling treasury. This action would also continue to limit the clergy’s authority.[24] In reality, the corruption of the clergy was most likely not as severe as Cromwell purported, and most laity seemed satisfied that their spiritual and pastoral needs were being met.[25]

Dissolving monasteries had been Cromwell’s goal for some time. By starting with the smaller monasteries first, he could avoid the accusation of displacing monks and nuns who could find a home elsewhere in larger, richer monasteries. It would also avoid angering influential patrons and supporters at Court, who largely supported those monasteries. Additionally, dissolution would also provide a means to win loyalty by enriching landowners by bestowing them these smaller monastic lands.[26] Abbots agreed, in the hopes that the larger monasteries would be spared.[27]