Enshakushanna

Enshakushanna (Sumerian: ๐’‚—๐’Šฎ๐’Šจ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ, en-sha3-kush2-an-na),[3] or Enshagsagana,[4] En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana, En-ลกakuลกuana was a king of Uruk around the mid-3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian King List, which states his reign to have been 60 years. He conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer.

Enshakushanna
๐’‚—๐’Šฎ๐’Šจ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ
Fragments in the name of "King Enshakushanna"
(๐’ˆ— (...) ๐’‚—๐’Šฎ๐’Šจ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ).
Reignc. 2350 BC[1][2]
PredecessorLugal-kisalsi
SuccessorLugal-kinishe-dudu
DynastySecond Dynasty of Uruk
Location of Uruk, in the Near East, modern Iraq.

Titulature

He adopted the Sumerian title en ki-en-gi lugal kalam . (๐’‚— ๐’† ๐’‚—๐’„€ ๐’ˆ— ๐’Œฆ),[5][6][7] which may be translated as "lord of Sumer and king of all the land" (which possibly implies "en of the region of Uruk and lugal of the region of Ur"[8]), and could correspond to the later title lugal ki-en-gi ki-uri "King of Sumer and Akkad" that eventually came to signify kingship over Mesopotamia as a whole.

Reign

Enshakushanna's reign is largely characterized by his military campaigns, the most prominent of which was against Kish and Akshak. His attack on these two cities is attested from a stone bowl at Nippur and reads as follows:

For Enlil, king of all lands,

Enshakushanna, lord of the land of Sumer and king of the nation

when the gods commanded him,

he sacked Kish

(and) captured Enbi-Ishtar, the king of Kish.

The leader of Kish and the leader of Akshak, (when) both their cities were destroyed ...

(Lacuna)

in (?) [..] he returned to them,

but [he] dedicated their statues, their precious metals and lapis lazuli, their timber and treasure, to the god Enlil at [N]ippur.[9]

Many scholars have attributed the EDIIIb destruction layers at the Palace A and Plano-Convex Building in Kish to Enshakushanna.[10] Federico Zaina notes the archaeological evidence at Kish attests to a "pervasive violent destruction of the city of Kish at the end of the ED IIIb".[10] Apart from his attacks to the North, Enshakushanna is also known to have attacked Akkad. A year name of En-ลกakuลกuana, king of Uruk was "Year in which En-ลกakuลกuana defeated Akkad". This would have been shortly before the rise of the Akkadian Empire.[11]

Succession

He was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed to Eannatum of Lagash for a time. Lugal-kinishe-dudu was later allied with Entemena, a successor of Eannatum, against Lagash's principal rival, Umma.[12][13]

Inscriptions

Several inscriptions of Enshakushanna are known.[14] A dedication tablet in his name is known, now in the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation:[15]

Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375 (reconstitution).[16]


๐’€ญ๐’‡ฝ๐’†ช๐’Š / ๐’‚—๐’Šฎ๐’Šจ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ /๐’‚— ๐’† ๐’‚—๐’„€ / ๐’ˆ— ๐’Œฆ๐’ˆฃ / ๐’Œ‰๐’‚๐’‡ท๐’‡ท๐’ˆพ / ๐’‚๐’‰Œ๐’ˆฌ๐’ˆพ๐’†•
DLU2-KU-ra / en-sha3-kush2-an-na / en ki-en-gi / lugal kalam-ma / dumu e2-li-li-na#? / e2-ni mu-na-du3

"For ... (unknown god): Enshakushanna, lord of Sumer and king of all the land, son of Elilina, built the temple for Him."

โ€”โ€ŠDedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375.[17][18]

The inscription states his father was "Elilina", possibly King Elulu of Ur.[19]

References
  1. Frayne, Douglas (2008). Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC). University of Toronto Press. p. 429-432.
  2. Tohru, Maeda (1981). ""KING OF KISH" IN PRE-SAROGONIC SUMER". Orient. 17: 5.
  3. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  4. Clay, Albert Tobias; Hilprecht, H. V. (Hermann Vollrat) (1892). The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. Series A: Cuneiform texts. Philadelphia : Dept. of Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania. p. 50.
  5. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  6. "The Emar Lexical Texts : Part 2 - Composite edition" (PDF). Openaccess.leideuniv.nl. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  7. "List of Found Texts". Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  8. See e.g. Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mรฉsopotamiens ร  la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millรฉnaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen., P.48
  9. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  10. Zaina, Federico (2020). THE URBAN ARCHAEOLOGY OF EARLY KISH: 3RD MILLENNIUM BCE LEVELS AT TELL INGHARRA (PDF). Ante Quem S.r.l. p. 147.
  11. POMPONIO, Francesco. โ€œFURTHER CONSIDERATIONS ON KIล KI IN THE EBLA TEXTS.โ€ Revue dโ€™Assyriologie et dโ€™archรฉologie Orientale, vol. 107, pp. 71โ€“83, 2013
  12. Hayes, William (1950). Chronology. Cambridge Ancient History. p. 51.
  13. Deena Ragavan, Cuneiform Texts and Fragments in the Harvard Art Museum / Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, vol. 2010:1, ISSN 1540-8779
  14. "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  15. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  16. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  17. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  18. "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  19. Gadd, C. J.; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223, 237. ISBN 978-0-521-07051-5.


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