Dixie Square Mall

Dixie Square Mall was an enclosed shopping mall at the junction of 151st Street and the Dixie Highway in the Chicago suburb of Harvey, Illinois, United States. Opened in 1966, the mall featured Montgomery Ward, JCPenney, Woolworth, Walgreens, and Jewel as its anchor stores, with discount store Turn Style joining in 1970. The mall was in operation for twelve years, closing permanently in 1978. It is thus considered an early example of a dead mall; it was characterized by high vacancy rates and low patronage, which led to its closure. While many other dead malls were redeveloped or demolished, Dixie Square became notable for its extensive neglect, vandalism damage, and history. After closure, the mall was used for a scene in the film The Blues Brothers and then left abandoned. It achieved notoriety because of a growing Internet cult-following of urban exploration groups dedicated to covering the mall's deteriorating condition.

Dixie Square Mall
Dixie Square Mall logo
Front cover of mall directory, c. 1966
LocationHarvey, Illinois, United States
Coordinates41°36′48″N 87°40′07″W
Address15151 Dixie Highway
Opening dateAugust 31, 1966
Closing dateNovember 1978
DeveloperRobert Meyer Corporation
No. of stores and services64
No. of anchor tenants6
Total retail floor area600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2)[1]
No. of floors1 (2 in JCPenney)

In the decades after the mall closed, numerous proposals to redevelop the property were announced, though none came to fruition. Over the 30-plus years during which these proposals and others were presented and failed, Dixie Square Mall fell into disrepair due to weather, vandalism, and a lack of maintenance funds. Yet another proposal resulted in partial demolition, which was halted. Final demolition began in February 2012 and was completed in May of that year.

Operation

Dixie Square was built on Dixie Highway in the city of Harvey, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago. The property was developed by Robert Meyer Corp., Meyer C. Weiner, Robert E. Fryling, and T. C. MacDonald, with the firm of Hornbach, Steenwyk, and Thrall serving as architects.[2] It opened in 1966 on the site of the former Dixie Hi 9-hole golf course.[3] Construction began in late 1964, and Montgomery Ward was the first of the mall's stores to open, on October 21, 1965. A soft opening took place August 31, 1966, with 36 stores, during which a time capsule was sealed and placed on the property by Mel Torme and Carmelita Pope.[4] Final construction was completed nearly three months later, and the mall was dedicated on November 9, 1966, with grand opening celebrations from November 10–12, and 50 stores open.[5] Grand opening celebrations featured Homer and Jethro, Art Hodes and Sid Sakowicz, the Art Van Damme Quintet, and Ned Locke of the Bozo's Circus TV show.[6] The mall had 64 shops by 1968, including Montgomery Ward, JCPenney, Woolworth, Walgreens, and a Jewel supermarket.[7] In 1970, Turn Style was added as another anchor.[8][9]

Logo from the mall’s tenure as Dixie Mall, 1975-1978

However, by the early 1970s, crime was increasing in Harvey, a poverty-stricken and blighted suburb 20 miles (32 km) south of Chicago,[10] and several significant criminal incidents occurred at or near the mall, including three murders in one year alone. In November 1972, a young woman was fatally shot near the mall in a botched robbery attempt. On April 20, 1973, another person was shot and killed in a robbery on the mall property itself. On July 17, 1973, a teenage girl was lured away from the mall by three other teenage girls, and strangled to death.[11] From 1973 to 1978, Dixie lost many stores, including the Montgomery Ward anchor, which closed on October 4, 1976 and Turn Style which closed in January 1978. In a last-ditch effort to bring back shoppers and tenants, the mall changed its name to simply Dixie Mall in late July 1975, and soon after underwent a renovation, re-opening on October 9 of that same year.[12] These efforts failed, as by 1978, it was down to its final twenty stores.[11] The mall officially closed its doors in November 1978, with JCPenney closing in January 1979.[13] A 1978 article in the Chicago Tribune indicated that two major factors in the mall's closure were shoplifting and theft of merchandise by employees.[14]

Post-closure

Temporary school and movie set
The mall chase scene from The Blues Brothers. Pictured is the former Walgreens storefront, used in the movie as a Toys "R" Us.

In January 1979, the city of Harvey allowed the Harvey-Dixmoor School District to use mall space as a temporary school location while a new school building was constructed. This use, which lasted for two years, also included conversion of the former Turn Style into a gymnasium.[9][11]

In mid-1979, director John Landis rented the vacant mall for eight weeks to film a scene in the movie The Blues Brothers. In this scene, main characters Elwood and Jake Blues drive through storefronts, display cases, and walls and destroy much of the mall while being chased by Illinois State Police troopers. The mall interior was left damaged after filming wrapped. A fake wall that film crews constructed, which cars crashed through at the beginning of the scene, was recognizable inside the building until the mid-1980s.[9][15]

The Harvey-Dixmoor School District attempted to sue Universal Pictures in December 1981 for $87,000, citing their failure to repair damage to mall property created during the movie shoot. The district soon vacated the property, and the mall was completely shuttered.[9][11]

Abandonment

After the mall's abandonment, it experienced extensive neglect and damage from vandalism, [16][17] the full-time caretaker hired by Harvey to maintain the property was physically unable to repair it. Following the movie shoot and the departure of the school district, the mall sat completely empty while new uses for the property were sought. The city of Harvey did not have the funds to maintain it, and in 1984, vandals broke in for the first time, damaging and looting the mall, and leaving a number of entrances open in the process. Every accessible pane of glass in the mall was soon broken. Within a year, any piece of metal worth salvaging had been stolen. Also, around this time, the large triangular "Dixie" sign, added in the 1975 renovation and seen in the Blues Brothers film, was removed. The canvas covering the JCPenney court area was removed as well, allowing rain and snow to enter the building. Over time, this, coupled with lack of maintenance, took its toll on the building.[9]

In 1985, the Wards Auto Service garage in the southwest corner of the mall property was razed, in preparation for construction of a new police station for Harvey. Work was temporarily halted on July 9, 1987 (at about 35% completion)[18] while concerns about the building's foundation were addressed; work on the police station resumed a week later.[9][19]

"Block B" storefronts inside Dixie Square as they appeared in 2009, showing a severe state of decay

Despite the new Harvey Police station occupying land immediately adjacent, the shuttered mall gained a reputation as a notorious crime magnet during the early 1990s. Gang and drug activities frequently took place inside the building. In the early 1990s, a juvenile court was constructed on the far west end of the parking lot. Despite numerous attempts to board up and secure the mall, it was forced open repeatedly. Vandalism and theft were the primary causes, but many homeless people also turned the former mall site into makeshift living quarters.[9] In 1993, a woman was raped and fatally strangled inside the former JCPenney store.[9][20]

By the end of the 1990s, trees had grown throughout the former parking lot. In the mid 2000s, a massive fire broke out inside the Woolworth store and nearly destroyed the building. The fire caused the roof to cave in, and due to that and other structural collapses, saplings started growing inside the former mall. Another fire broke out in the former City Life lounge, causing minor damage to the abandoned bar.[9]

Demolition and redevelopment plans

Various redevelopment plans were announced in 1985 and 1989, but went nowhere. Another plan announced in 1997 also came to nothing.[21]

In January 2005, an agreement was made with American Kitchen Delights to turn the former Montgomery Ward building into a showroom for American Kitchen's products, and with the YMCA to use another portion of the property to build senior citizen housing. Just days after the agreement was made, work on the Montgomery Ward store began during which the former store was gutted.[9][22] On April 14, 2005, a further plan was set in motion to demolish the remnants of Dixie Square (except for the Montgomery Ward building which was ostensibly being renovated for American Kitchen Delights) and bring top "big-box" retailers to the former mall site, including Costco, Kohl's, and Old Navy. This plan forecast bringing more than 1,000 jobs to Harvey, which has one of the highest unemployment rates in Cook County.[9][23]

Complications
Former JCPenney and Jewel buildings in 2009

In late June 2005, inspectors discovered the mall contained asbestos and ordered removed debris to be covered in plastic. They also discovered that the demolition company had been working without a permit.[22][24] On July 3, 2005, the site renovation/demolition project was ordered halted until the asbestos issue could be properly resolved.[24] Late on Christmas Eve 2005, the Mayor of Harvey happened to drive past the site and discovered work crews, without having resolved the asbestos problem, were illegally demolishing the central energy plant and had also torn down a large portion of the Montgomery Ward building accidentally (ending any chance of its renovation).[25]

On February 16, 2006, the entire mall property was sold to developer John Deneen of the Emerald Property Group. The remainder of the Montgomery Ward building was torn down March 1 in a widely publicized PR campaign, but no progress was made to demolish the rest of the mall afterwards. After the news crews left, so did the demolition companies.[26] Within several months of the Montgomery Ward demolition, liens were placed against the mall by several invested companies. Deneen threatened the owner of one of these companies with brass knuckles and a firearm (as a result, he pleaded guilty in 2008 to aggravated unlawful use of a weapon).[27] Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan also filed lawsuits against Deneen and several prior developers for failing to remove the asbestos in accordance with state law.[27]

On July 20, 2009, a fire of unknown origin broke out in the entrance to Block C during the late afternoon.[28] The fire damaged the Block C entrance to the point where its roof collapsed within a month, and left scorch marks on the exterior of the former JCPenney building.

Demolition plans resume

In February 2010, it was reported that Chicago-based developer MG Development South LLC was planning to demolish the remains of the mall and replace it with a mixture of big-box stores and other retail on the site.[27]

The last remains of Dixie Square as seen on May 17, 2012

Governor Pat Quinn announced on September 23, 2010, that a $4 million federal grant would be used to demolish the mall. Quinn also stated that the total cost would be around $5 million, with the remainder of the money coming from federal disaster recovery funds given to the state due to flooding in 2008. According to officials, demolition was to start in November of that year and take four to six months.[29] In June 2011, ruins of the mall remained standing with demolition funding still available, but with the demolition project itself mired in government regulatory hurdles.[30]

Final demolition

In January 2012, contractors were finally issued the necessary permits to begin demolition. After several weeks of asbestos abatement, which was completed by early February,[31] crews began to demolish the mall on Wednesday, February 15.[32] Demolition was completed May 17, 2012, after which the site was cleaned up and leveled in preparation for future development.[33]

The vast majority of the former site is now brownfield land.[10] A November 2015 article suggested that the land be developed as an intermodal freight site.[34]

The city of Harvey obtained possession of the former mall site in 2016. As of 2020, Harvey was preparing the site to offer to developers, and officials were putting the site forward as a good location for a cold storage warehouse.[35]

References
  1. "'Blues Brothers' mall set to star in demolition". Chicago Tribune.
  2. "Illinois". Chain Store Age: E58. 1966.
  3. "Dixie Square Specialists in Shopping Center Planning". Chicago Tribune. 10 November 1966.
  4. staff (25 August 1966). "Forecast-Fair and Pleasant While You Shop". Chicago Tribune.
  5. staff (10 November 1966). "Welcome To Dixie Square". Chicago Tribune.
  6. Dixie Square Mall grand opening flyer
  7. "Dixie Square Mall being demolished, finally". Chicago Tribune. 2012-02-15.
  8. "No title". Realty and Building. 163: 68. 1955.
  10. United States Environmental Protection Agency. "National Brownfields Assessment Pilot." (PDF)
  11. Paw Filmworks. "Dixie Square Mall History (1961 - present)". Pawfilmworks.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-29. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  12. "Urban Exploration Resource: Gallery: Dixie Square Mall > Historical Stuff > new_ads012-207x457.jpg". Uer.ca. 2002-06-23. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  13. "Harvey's JCPenney store closing after January". Southtown Star. December 24, 1978. p. 13. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  14. Patricia Leeds (November 23, 1978). "Shoplifting, employe [sic] thefts reach crisis proportions". Chicago Tribune. p. 4. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  15. Paw Filmworks. "Dixie Square Mall History". Archived from the original on 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
  16. ABC News Report, June 7, 2006
  17. NBC News Report. "Mall Used In 'Blues Brothers' To Be Torn Down." February 28, 2006 Archived 2007-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
  18. Chicago Tribune. July 9, 1987, Chicagoland section, page 8. "Harvey orders work halt on its new Police Station." Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
  19. Chicago Tribune. July 15, 1987, Chicagoland section, page 2. Harvey Police Station Work, Controversy Resume.
  20. "Harvey man gets life term".
  21. "Developer Still Seeks Pact On Harvey Mall". Chicago Tribune. 1997-09-10.
  22. Ziemba, Stanley (2005-06-29). "Harvey mall work prompts asbestos suit". Chicago Tribune.
  23. Evans, Cristin Monti (2005-05-17). "Governor announces $15,000 for Harvey police cadet program". Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  24. Ziemba, Stanley (2005-12-21). "State targets Harvey mall asbestos work". Chicago Tribune.
  25. Ziemba, Stanley (2005-07-02). "Work on mall in Harvey sparks a suit over asbestos". Chicago Tribune.
  26. Noel, Josh (2007-04-02). "Threats alleged in mall tiff". Chicago Tribune.
  27. Schorsch, Kristen (2010-02-16). "Another mission for 'Blues Brothers' mall". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
  28. "'Blues Brothers' Mall damaged". WBBM 780. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-21. The news report incorrectly states the fire broke out in Sears; however there was never a Sears store at Dixie Square.
  29. "Quinn announces $4 million grant to raze 'Blues Brothers' mall". Chicago Breaking News. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  30. Roeder, David (2011-06-07). "Dixie Square ruins remain untouched". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
  31. "Demolition Going Ahead At Last At Long-Abandoned Dixie Square Mall". CBS 2 Chicago. Chicago, Illinois. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  32. "Dixie Square Mall demolition begins". Chicago Tribune. February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
  33. Passel, Ed (2012), Editorial Advisory Board: SMMA works behind scenes to improve lives, The Times of Northwest Indiana, retrieved 2012-11-25
  34. "Harvey mayor touts achievements, rivals push for change as election looms". Daily Southtown. Retrieved 2015-11-07.
  35. "Harvey looks to finish what Jake and Elwood started". Chicago Sun-Times. July 26, 2020. Retrieved February 21, 2021.

Further reading
  • Luhar-Trice, Christopher W. (2008). Aesthetics of Abandonment: The Dixie Square Project. ISBN 978-0-615-26033-4.
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