Direct-coupled transistor logic

Direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL) is similar to resistor–transistor logic (RTL) but the input transistor bases are connected directly to the collector outputs without any base resistors. Consequently, DCTL gates have fewer components, are more economical, and are simpler to fabricate onto integrated circuits than RTL gates. Unfortunately, DCTL has much smaller signal levels, has more susceptibility to ground noise, and requires matched transistor characteristics. The transistors are also heavily overdriven; that is a good feature in that it reduces the saturation voltage of the output transistors, but it also slows the circuit down due to a high stored charge in the base.[1] Gate fan-out is limited due to "current hogging": if the transistor base-emitter voltages (VBE) are not well matched, then the base-emitter junction of one transistor may conduct most of the input drive current at such a low base-emitter voltage that other input transistors fail to turn on.[2]

Direct-coupler transistor logic (DCTL) circuit of the Leprechaun computer

DCTL is close to the simplest possible digital logic family, using close to fewest possible components per logical element.[3]

A similar logic family, direct-coupled transistor-transistor logic, is faster than ECL.[4]

John T. Wallmark and Sanford M. Marcus described direct-coupled transistor logic using JFETs. It was termed direct-coupled unipolar transistor logic (DCUTL). They published a variety of complex logic functions implemented as integrated circuits using JFETs, including complementary memory circuits.[5]

References
  1. Roehr 1963, p. 36
  2. Roehr 1963, p. 37
  3. Angell, James B. (1958), "Direct-coupled logic circuitry" (PDF), Proceedings of the May 6-8, 1958, western joint computer conference: Contrasts in computers on XX - IRE-ACM-AIEE '58 (Western), p. 22, doi:10.1145/1457769.1457778, S2CID 2003290, In general, only one class of transistor and one or two values of resistor are required for a complete logical system.
  4. Fulkerson, D. E. (1975), "Direct-coupled transistor-transistor logic: a new high-performance LSI gate family", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 10 (2): 110–117, Bibcode:1975IJSSC..10..110F, doi:10.1109/JSSC.1975.1050570
  5. Wallmark, J.T.; Marcus, S.M. (1959). "Integrated devices using Direct-Coupled Unipolar Transistor Logic". IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers. EC-8 (2): 98–107. doi:10.1109/TEC.1959.5219509.


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