Dipteris

Dipteris is a genus of about seven species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, particularly Asia, with a species in northeastern Queensland in Australia. It is one of two genera in the family Dipteridaceae.

Dipteris
Dipteris conjugata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Gleicheniales
Family: Dipteridaceae
Genus: Dipteris
Reinw.
Type species
Dipteris conjugata
Reinwardt
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Phymatodes Presl

Description

Species of Dipteris grow from creeping rhizomes,[1] and have large stalks to the sporangium and annulus.[2] The rhizomes have bristles (or hairs) and the fronds have uniseriate hairs (having one line or series).[3] All species of Dipteris have spore-capsules that are carried on the lower surface of the broad lobed frond.[4] The fronds can reach up to 50 cm long.[5]

Taxonomy

Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt first published the genus in 1825,[6] by describing Dipteris conjugata Reinw.[7] which is the best known species.[8]

In 1839, R. Brown reduced the genus to a subgenus of Polypodium.[9] In 1901, Konrad Christ published Die Farnkrauter der Erde't, within which he included the genus Dipteris in the family Polypodiaceae, (a subdivision of the Polypodiacea).[10] It was then later placed into a separate genus,[4][5] Bower (1928), Ching (1940) and Pichi-Sermolli (1958) all having recreated the family Dipteridaceae, then comprising only one genus, Dipteris,[11] due to the differences in sporangium, stomata and gametophte.[3]

The Latin genus name Dipteris refers to an amalgamation of two terms: di meaning two, and pteris Greek word used for ferns generally, meaning wing-like.[12]

Species
Phylogeny of Dipteris[13][14]

D. lobbiana (Hooker) Moore

D. wallichii (Brown ex Wallich 1828) Moore

D. conjugata Reinwardt

D. chinensis Christ

D. shenzhenensis Yan & Wei 2021

As of October 2019, Plants of the World Online and the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized seven species:[15][16]

  • Dipteris chinensis Christ – Tropical Asia and Australasia
  • Dipteris conjugata Reinw. – Indochina to Australia (Queensland), and some islands in the Pacific Ocean
  • Dipteris lobbiana (Hook.) T. Moore – Cuba, Hispaniola
  • Dipteris nieuwenhuisii Christ
  • Dipteris novoguineensis Posth.
  • Dipteris papilioniformis Kjellb.
  • Dipteris wallichii (R. Br.) T. Moore – India, Cuba, Hispaniola

Dipteris polyphyllus, a species from New Guinea has not been fully accepted as a species.[17]

Distribution and habitat

Many species are found in Malaysia, Philippines, Samoa and New Guinea, growing beside Matonia (another fern species).[5][10] Most of the species grow on rocks, exposed places, clearings and in thickets.[18]

Fossils

The genus has been found to have been widely distributed during the Jurassic period,[2] of the Mesozoic Era when much of the genus was widely distributed around Europe. Such fossils have been found in England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Bornholm (island), Greenland, and Poland.[10]

References
  1. F. O. Bower The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 2, The Eusporangiatae and Other ..., Volume 2, p. 315, at Google Books
  2. R.D. Preton and H.W. Woolhouse Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 4, p. 310, at Google Books
  3. Peter H. Hovenkamp A Monograph of the Fern Genus Pyrrosia: Polypodiaceae, p. 102, at Google Books
  4. A. C. Seward Links with the Past in the Plant World, p. 93, at Google Books
  5. A. C. Seward Fossil Plants: A Text-Book for Students of Botany and Geology, p. 298, at Google Books
  6. "FOC Vol. 2-3 Page 4, 116". efloras.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  7. Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 194 (194–206): 487–513. doi:10.1098/rstb.1901.0011.
  8. "Taxon: Dipteris conjugata Reinw". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  9. Annals of Natural History, Volume 2, p. 215, at Google Books
  10. Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 68 (442–450): 373–374. doi:10.1098/rspl.1901.0061. S2CID 186208132.
  11. Indian Botanical Society, Memoirs, Issue 4, page 9, 1963
  12. D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 319, at Google Books
  13. Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  14. "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  15. Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Dipteris". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Vol. 8. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  16. "Dipteris Reinw.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-10-04
  17. "Dipteris polyphyllus". Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. K.U. Kramer, Klaus Kubitzki, P.S. Green (Editors) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, p. 101, at Google Books

Other sources
  • Douglas Houghton Campbell, The Evolution of the Land Plants (Embryophyta), 1940
  • Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, 2006
  • Sir Arthur George Tansley, The New Phytologist, 1956
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