Dicerorhinus

Dicerorhinus; Temporal range:
	Rapunzel, a Sumatran Rhino in the Bronx Zoo
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Rhinocerotidae
Tribe:	Dicerorhinini
Genus:	Dicerorhinus; Gloger, 1841
Species
	†Dicerorhinus fusuiensis; †Dicerorhinus gwebinensis; Dicerorhinus sumatrensis;

Dicerorhinus (Greek: "two" (dio), "horn" (keratos), "nose" (rhinos)[1]) is a genus of the family Rhinocerotidae, consisting of a single extant species, the two-horned Sumatran rhinoceros (D. sumatrensis), and several extinct species. The genus likely originated in the Mid to Late Pliocene of Northern Indochina and South China.[2] Many species previously placed in this genus probably belong elsewhere.[3]

Taxonomy

Species provisionally considered valid include:

†Dicerorhinus fusuiensis[4][5] originally described as Rhinoceros fusuiensis[6] Early Pleistocene, South China.
†Dicerorhinus gwebinensis Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein et al., 2008 Known from a skull of Pliocene-Early Pleistocene age found in Myanmar.[7] Some authors have considered the skull not distinguishable from that of D. sumatrensis.[8]

Historically, Dicerorhinus was a wastebasket taxon. Revisions by several authors over the years have removed many species:

Transferred to Stephanorhinus[3]

Dicerorhinus merckii
Dicerorhinus hemitoechus
Dicerorhinus etruscus
Dicerorhinus yunchuchenensis
Dicerorhinus jeanvireti
Dicerorhinus choukoutienensis (synonym of Merck's rhinoceros)
Dicerorhinus orientalis (synonym of Merck's rhinoceros)
Dicerorhinus nipponicus[9]

Transferred to Dihoplus[3]

Dicerorhinus megarhinus
Dicerorhinus schleiermacheri
Dicerorhinus ringstroemi

Transferred to Caementodon

Dicerorhinus caucasicus[10]

Transferred to Lartetotherium

Dicerorhinus sansaniensis
Dicerorhinus cixianensis Chen and Wu, 1976[11]

Transferred to Rusingaceros

Dicerorhinus leakeyi

Placement of the Sumatran rhinoceros among recent and subfossil rhinoceros species based on nuclear genomes (Liu, 2021)[12]

Elasmotheriinae

†Elasmotherium sibiricum

Rhinocerotinae

	Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

	White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)

	Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

	Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)

	† Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis)

	† Merck's rhinoceros (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)

Bayesian morphological phylogeny (Pandolfi, 2023) Note: This excludes living African rhinoceros species.[13]

Hyrachyus eximius

Tapirus terrestris (South American tapir)

Rhinocerotidae

Trigonias osborni

Ronzotherium filholi

Aceratheriini

Plesiaceratherium mirallesi

	Aceratherium incisivum

	Hoploaceratherium tetradactylum

Teleoceratina

	Brachypotherium perimense

	Teleoceras fossiger

Rhinocerotina

	Gaindatherium browni

	Lartetotherium sansaniense

Nesorhinus

	Nesorhinus hayasakai

	Nesorhinus philippinensis

Rhinoceros

	Rhinoceros sondaicus (Javan rhinoceros)

	Rhinoceros unicornis (Indian rhinoceros)

Dicerorhinus

Dicerorhinus gwebinensis

	Dicerorhinus fusuiensis

	Dicerorhinus sumatrensis (Sumatran rhinoceros)

Dihoplus schleiermacheri

"Dihoplus" pikermiensis

Coelodonta

Coelodonta thibetana

Coelodonta nihowanensis

Coelodonta tologoijensis

	Coelodonta antiquitatis antiquitatis (woolly rhinoceros)

	Coelodonta antiquitatis praecursor (woolly rhinoceros)

Pliorhinus

	Pliorhinus megarhinus

	Pliorhinus miguelcrusafonti

Stephanorhinus

Stephanorhinus jeanvireti

Stephanorhinus etruscus

Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis

	Stephanorhinus hemitoechus (Narrow-nosed or steppe rhinoceros)

	Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis (Merck's or forest rhinoceros)

References

"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
Mays, Herman L.; Hung, Chih-Ming; Shaner, Pei-Jen; Denvir, James; Justice, Megan; Yang, Shang-Fang; Roth, Terri L.; Oehler, David A.; Fan, Jun; Rekulapally, Swanthana; Primerano, Donald A. (January 2018). "Genomic Analysis of Demographic History and Ecological Niche Modeling in the Endangered Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis". Current Biology. 28 (1): 70–76.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.021. PMC 5894340. PMID 29249659.
Tong, Hao-wen (2012). "Evolution of the non-Coelodonta dicerorhine lineage in China". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 11 (8): 555–562. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.06.002.
Antoine, P.-O.; Reyes, M. C.; Amano, N.; Bautista, A. P.; Chang, C.-H.; Claude, J.; De Vos, J.; Ingicco, T. (2021). "A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (2): 416–430. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab009.
Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). "Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae". Journal of Quaternary Science: jqs.3496. doi:10.1002/jqs.3496. hdl:11563/163194. ISSN 0267-8179.
Yan, Yaling; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Changzhu; Mead, Jim I. (December 2014). "New remains of Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) associated with Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, South China". Quaternary International. 354: 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.004.
Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Takai, Masanaru; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Thaung-Htike; Egi, Naoko; Maung-Maung (November 2008). "A NEW SPECIES OF DICERORHINUS (RHINOCEROTIDAE) FROM THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE OF MYANMAR". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1419–1433. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00813.x.
Chen, Shaokun; Pang, Libo; Yan, Yaling; Wei, Guangbiao; Yue, Zongying (August 2021). "First Discovery of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from Yanjinggou Provides Insights into the Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae of South China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 95 (4): 1065–1072. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.14719. ISSN 1000-9515.
Handa, N.; Kohno, N.; Kudo, Y. (2019). "Reappraisal of a middle Pleistocene rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Matsugae Cave, Fukuoka Prefecture, southwestern Japan". Historical Biology. 33 (4): 218–229. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1604699. S2CID 145930245.
Antoine, P. O. (2003). "Middle Miocene elasmotheriine Rhinocerotidae from China and Mongolia: Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships". Zoologica Scripta. 32 (2): 95–118. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00106.x. S2CID 86800130.
Deng, T.; Li, S., 2023. Restudy of Rhinocerotini fossils from the Miocene Jiulongkou fauna of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 61: 198-211 - DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.230630
Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (August 2021). "Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family". Cell. 184 (19): 4874–4885.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34433011. S2CID 237273079.
Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). "Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae". Journal of Quaternary Science: jqs.3496. doi:10.1002/jqs.3496. ISSN 0267-8179.

Groves, Colin P., and Fred Kurt (1972). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis". Mammalian Species (21): 1–6.
"A new species of Dicerorhinus (Rhinocerotidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of Myanmar"

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[1] "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.

[2] Mays, Herman L.; Hung, Chih-Ming; Shaner, Pei-Jen; Denvir, James; Justice, Megan; Yang, Shang-Fang; Roth, Terri L.; Oehler, David A.; Fan, Jun; Rekulapally, Swanthana; Primerano, Donald A. (January 2018). "Genomic Analysis of Demographic History and Ecological Niche Modeling in the Endangered Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis". Current Biology. 28 (1): 70–76.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.021. PMC 5894340. PMID 29249659.

[tong-3] Tong, Hao-wen (2012). "Evolution of the non-Coelodonta dicerorhine lineage in China". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 11 (8): 555–562. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.06.002.

[:0-4] Antoine, P.-O.; Reyes, M. C.; Amano, N.; Bautista, A. P.; Chang, C.-H.; Claude, J.; De Vos, J.; Ingicco, T. (2021). "A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (2): 416–430. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab009.

[5] Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). "Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae". Journal of Quaternary Science: jqs.3496. doi:10.1002/jqs.3496. hdl:11563/163194. ISSN 0267-8179.

[6] Yan, Yaling; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Changzhu; Mead, Jim I. (December 2014). "New remains of Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) associated with Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, South China". Quaternary International. 354: 110–121. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.004.

[7] Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein; Takai, Masanaru; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Thaung-Htike; Egi, Naoko; Maung-Maung (November 2008). "A NEW SPECIES OF DICERORHINUS (RHINOCEROTIDAE) FROM THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE OF MYANMAR". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1419–1433. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00813.x.

[8] Chen, Shaokun; Pang, Libo; Yan, Yaling; Wei, Guangbiao; Yue, Zongying (August 2021). "First Discovery of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis from Yanjinggou Provides Insights into the Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae of South China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 95 (4): 1065–1072. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.14719. ISSN 1000-9515.

[9] Handa, N.; Kohno, N.; Kudo, Y. (2019). "Reappraisal of a middle Pleistocene rhinocerotid (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Matsugae Cave, Fukuoka Prefecture, southwestern Japan". Historical Biology. 33 (4): 218–229. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1604699. S2CID 145930245.

[10] Antoine, P. O. (2003). "Middle Miocene elasmotheriine Rhinocerotidae from China and Mongolia: Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic relationships". Zoologica Scripta. 32 (2): 95–118. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00106.x. S2CID 86800130.

[11] Deng, T.; Li, S., 2023. Restudy of Rhinocerotini fossils from the Miocene Jiulongkou fauna of China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 61: 198-211 - DOI: 10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.230630

[:5-12] Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (August 2021). "Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family". Cell. 184 (19): 4874–4885.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 34433011. S2CID 237273079.

[:3-13] Pandolfi, Luca (2023-01-19). "Reassessing the phylogeny of Quaternary Eurasian Rhinocerotidae". Journal of Quaternary Science: jqs.3496. doi:10.1002/jqs.3496. ISSN 0267-8179.