Environmental issues in Bolivia

Major environmental issues in Bolivia include managing its forests, preserving the country's levels of biodiversity, maintaining ecologically important protected areas, coping with the effects of climate change, and dealing with the environmental consequences of agriculture, mining, oil and gas development, and transportation infrastructure.[1][2] Bolivia’s history of slash-and-burn agriculture, overgrazing, and industrial pollution has caused significant concern among environmentalists. Soil erosion, made worse by seasonal flooding, and contaminated water supplies are Bolivia’s most pressing environmental problems. The National Service for Protected Areas, established in 1998, currently manages 21 protected areas.

Deforestation

Bolivia holds an important share of global forest cover. As of 2015, its primary forest cover was 36.2 million hectares, the 13th largest national area in the world and representing 2.8% of the worldwide total.[3] It is the country with the seventh largest amount of tropical rainforest. Overall, forests made up 51.4 million hectares, 46.8% of the country's total area, in 2013.[4] Both primary forest and overall forest cover have been declining in recent decades.

Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders.[5]

Bolivia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.47/10, ranking it 21st globally out of 172 countries.[6]

Annual deforestation averaged 173,994 hectares in net forest lost per year between 1990 and 2000, and 243,120 hectares per year between 2000 and 2010.[7]

Forest Cover in Bolivia (1,000s of hectares of primary forest)
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
40,804 39,046 38,164 37,164 36,164 2.8%
As reported to the Global Forest Resources Assessment.[3]

The final figure (2.8%) represents the percentage of worldwide total in 2015.

Forest cover in Bolivia by type of forest (2013)
Forest Type Area
(ha)		 Percent
of forest		 Percent
of Bolivia
1 Amazon forest 19,402,388 37.7 17.7
2 Chaco forest 9,098,162 17.7 8.3
3 Chiquitano forest 8,645,849 16.8 7.9
4 Yungas forest 6,565,994 12.8 6.0
5 Tucumano forest 3,322,885 6.5 3.0
6 Flooded forest 3,047,598 5.9 2.8
7 Pantanal forest 1,147,401 2.2 1.0
8 Dry inter-Andean forest 172,227 0.3 0.2
9 Andean forest 4,496 0.01 0.0
Total forest, 2013 51,407,000 100 46.8

Source: MMAyA-OTCA, summarized by Andersen et al 2016:S1.[4]

References
  1. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo en Bolivia. "Medio Ambiente y Energía: Enfoque". El PNUD en Bolivia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-08-13.
  2. Castro, Mónica; Ferrufino, Rubén; Taucer, Evelyn; Zeballos, Hernán (2014). El Estado del Medio Ambiente en Bolivia. La Paz, Bolivia: Fundación Milenio & Fundación Konrad Adenauer. (PDF).
  3. Morales-Hidalgo, David; Oswalt, Sonja N.; Somanathan, E. (2015-09-07). "Status and trends in global primary forest, protected areas, and areas designated for conservation of biodiversity from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015". Forest Ecology and Management. Changes in Global Forest Resources from 1990 to 2015. 352: 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.011. ISSN 0378-1127.
  4. Andersen, Lykke E.; Doyle, Anna Sophia; Granado, Susana del; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Medinaceli, Agnes; Valdivia, Montserrat; Weinhold, Diana (2016-03-18). "Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): –0151241. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151241A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151241. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4798530. PMID 26990865. Included in Supplemental Material S1.
  5. Coca-Castro, Alejandro; Reymondin, Louis; Bellfield, Helen; Hyman, Glenn (January 2013), Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia (PDF), Amazonia Security Agenda Project, archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2016, retrieved August 25, 2019
  6. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  7. Andersen, Lykke E.; Doyle, Anna Sophia; Granado, Susana del; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Medinaceli, Agnes; Valdivia, Montserrat; Weinhold, Diana (2016-03-18). "Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): –0151241. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151241A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151241. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4798530. PMID 26990865. Table 6.
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