Death and state funeral of Mindon Min

King Mindon

Reigning since middle age, King Mindon's health began to become unstable in his 60s.[8] Since 26 August 1878, the king had been treated for flatulence in a golden chamber on the north side of the Glass Palace[9] under the supervision of Hsinbyumashin, who dominated the king's last days.[10] Other than close companions Taungsaungdaw Mibaya, Seindon Mibaya, Letpanzin Mibaya, Tharazein Mibaya, Lècha Mibaya, Nganzun Mibaya, Thanazayit Mibaya and Palepa Ywaza, no one was allowed to enter the chamber.[9] The king was examined by a royal medical team consisting of Sara Lankara from Sri Lanka, Bawuppakatha and other physicians from across the country.[9]

In September, as meritorious deeds for the king, the following were performed: offerings were donated to every pagoda, Buddha image and Bodhi Tree in the capital; all prisoners were released, regardless of their crimes; birds and fish were set free; and both Buddhist and worldly yadaya rituals were carried out.[1]

After 25 years, 6 months and 25 days on the throne, the king – 64 years, 2 months and 18 days old[11] – died on 1 October 1878 after 2 pm MST.[1][nb 1] In the last minutes of his death, the king reportedly kept in mind Buddhist sermons such as the three marks of existence,[nb 2] the ten collections of Anussati and the Maranānussati.[1] A list of the king's annual 226-million gold kyat donations was read continuously.[1]

The Clock Tower

As a mark of respect, the Bahozin (Clock Tower) did not run[2] until 8 October;[12] instead, a nayee (set of graduated gongs) was played to show the time.[2] News of the king's death was sent to Pagan Min, his abdicated predecessor, at once.[2]

For the next seven days, all mibayas (consorts), princes, princesses, ministers, officers, and their wives had to wear white clothes as a sign of mourning.[13]

The following letter was sent to Queen Victoria by Thibaw:[14]

Royal Friend! Whilst between the Burmese Royal dominions and the English Ruler's Royal dominions the state of continuous Raja-Mahamit, between two great countries was firm and lasting, sickness fastened upon His Most Great and Excellent Majesty, my Royal Father the Excellent Rising Sun King, against which, notwithstanding that his Minister in consultation with physician prescribed various medicines, he could not be free [or get rest], and on the 6th day of Waxing Moon Thadingyut 1240 of the Burmese Era migrated to the country of the gods-profoundly regretted and mourned by his queens, royal sons and daughters, ministries and by all the people of the country. I believe and hope that the mind of Her Most Great and Excellent Majesty the Queen will be thus [that is, will share in the regret].

Bathing rite

Northern Dawe Chamber

The body of the king was ritually bathed under the direction of his consorts; water was offered by the commander of the northern Dawe Chamber (Royal Guard Room),[nb 5] a minister of shields[nb 6] and a thandawsint.[nb 7][1]

Glass Palace where King Mindon's body lay in state

Royal appurtenances displayed beside the throne

The eight hti byus (white umbrellas) on each side of the Lion Throne at the Royal Audience Hall were raised by Minye Kyawhtin, Prince of Hlaingdak, Minye Nara, Prince of Seindon Hléoke, and Minye Minhla, Prince of Pwedaingkyaw Hléoke.[13] Following the instructions from Minye Nyunt, Prince of Swedawoke, a thandawsint, a maha layzedaw, an asaungdawmyè, and a mingann tikesoe (manager of royal appurtenances), the royal appurtenances displayed beside the throne were taken and placed on glass mosaic-embedded four-legged stands to the left side of the body's head.[13]

At noon on 3 October, the lying in state was officially started after opening the 11 doors of the Glass Palace.[13] All gates in the walls leading to the city were opened for the public to pay their respects to the king; however, only the royals who Hsinbyumashin allowed could view the body.[17] The body was housed in a gilded tin coffin which was nested inside a gilded wooden one.[13] The body was dressed to resemble Brahma.[13] On 3, 5, and 6 October, Pagan Min and his queen paid tribute to the late king.[18] Thibaw made daily devotional offerings to his father by sprinkling popcorn and flowers on the coffin.[18]

Northern Samote Hall

Southern Samote Hall

At 8 am on 7 October, the coffin was placed on a bier and was covered with 8 white htis.[18] Thibaw watched as the bier was carried from the northern stair of the Glass Palace, passing the Central Main Sanu Hall,[nb 9] to the Lephetyaydaw Hall,[nb 10] and then to the Northern Samote Hall.[nb 11][18]

The front of the bier was carried by Mindon's consorts and daughters, Kanaung's daughters, and maids of honour; the middle-class princes, the myinhmue princes and the maha layzedaws were stationed on each side, since all senior princes had been arrested.[18] The procession was monitored by Hsinbyumashin, the Princess of Mai Noung, the Princess of Myadaung, the Princess of Yamethin, the Princess of Salin, the Princess of Meiktila, the Princess of Moemeik and Taungsaungdaw Mibaya in the back.[18] They were followed by other mibayas and princesses, all passing through the western stair of the Samote Hall.[19]

Thibaw wore ceremonial clothing which consisted of a silver magaik (Imperial crown) and a silver duyin with silver jingle bells decorating the lining, which was embroidered with silver silk in the shapes of a star, a jackfruit tubercle and a gourd tendril, in the style of Brahma. He was carried in a palanquin which was placed in front of the Southern Samote Hall, accompanied, in a lower stage of the same palanquin,[20] by the Princess of Hingamaw, the Princess of Madaya, the Princess of Taingda and the Princess of Yingè,[19] two before him and two behind him.[20] This was followed by atwinwuns (lit. 'Ministers of the Interior') and thandawsints holding their daggers and fly-whisks.[19]

As the royal army, on each side of the palanquin, arrived at the southeastern and southwestern sides of the pyre, the palanquin, originally facing north, was turned to the east in order to face the pyre. When the palanquin stopped, Atwinwun Mingyi Minhla Maha Sithu, Myoza of Wetmasut, facing north, called a tinhtein yanhmue,[nb 12] who stood nearby, "Lubyo" (lit. 'virgin') thrice.[19] As the tinhtein yanhmue approached him, the Myoza of Wetmasut, while saying "Nagandaw Khawdaw", went behind the tinhtein yanhmue, then to the coffin. With joined hands he called the Nagandaw,[nb 13] who was wearing white ornamental ear-plugs and a white gaung baung (turban) and sitting on a lanbitin thinbyuu (lit. '6-foot long beaded mat'), "Khawdaw" thrice.[19] Then the Myoza of Wetmasut referred to Thibaw's statement calling for the late king's body to be interred in the tomb.[19] After the Nagandaw read the statement to the public, Thibaw returned to the palace.[19]

The Tabindaing Chamber

When he returned to the Southern Samote Hall, Thibaw changed his magaik and duyins and cleaned his nails. His hair was washed with traditional tayaw kinpun shampoo by his birthday twins.[nb 14][19] As soon as she returned to the Tabindaing Chamber, the Princess of Salin, who was designated the future Chief Queen by the late king,[21] joined a Buddhist order of nuns.[22][23] Three ladies in waiting – Kyauktaw Ywaza, Thazi Ywaza, Thayettaw Ywaza – were jailed for assisting her to do so.[22] After 1 am next morning, an earthquake struck.[19]

Foreign diplomats residing in the capital were invited to pay their respects to the late king on 4 October,[24] between 6 and 9 am.[25] Robert Barkley Shaw, the English resident at that time,[26] reported that "several Englishmen attended, saw the body lying in couch dressed as in life, and fanned by the queens and princesses who sat around".[24] Armenian, French, Italian, Muslim and Chinese representatives were also admitted, in that order.[24]

On 6 October, Prime Minister Kinwun Mingyi[27] informed them that the state funeral would be held on the following day.[24] Shaw, together with T. C. Davis, Assistant Resident,[28] James Alfred Colbeck, missionary priest for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,[29] and Dr Clement Williams, an English merchant, set out at 9 am.[30] They were later joined by Audreino, the Italian consul.[25]

Shaw chronicled his experience at the funeral for the use of the Government of British India.[28] It was said by Desai, in his King Mindon's Funeral, that Shaw's words unexpectedly became a reference work for students of Burmese history, 80 years after he had written them.[28] Colbeck also wrote about the king's death and funeral in his letters, which were printed later as Mandalay in 1878–1879: The Letters of James Alfred Colbeck.[29]