Data buffer

Buffers are often used in conjunction with I/O to hardware, such as disk drives, sending or receiving data to or from a network, or playing sound on a speaker. A line to a rollercoaster in an amusement park shares many similarities. People who ride the coaster come in at an unknown and often variable pace, but the roller coaster will be able to load people in bursts (as a coaster arrives and is loaded). The queue area acts as a buffer—a temporary space where those wishing to ride wait until the ride is available. Buffers are usually used in a FIFO (first in, first out) method, outputting data in the order it arrived.

Buffers can increase application performance by allowing synchronous operations such as file reads or writes to complete quickly instead of blocking while waiting for hardware interrupts to access a physical disk subsystem; instead, an operating system can immediately return a successful result from an API call, allowing an application to continue processing while the kernel completes the disk operation in the background. Further benefits can be achieved if the application is reading or writing small blocks of data that do not correspond to the block size of the disk subsystem, which allows a buffer to be used to aggregate many smaller read or write operations into block sizes that are more efficient for the disk subsystem, or in the case of a read, sometimes to completely avoid having to physically access a disk.

A buffer routine or storage medium used in telecommunications compensates for a difference in rate of flow of data or time of occurrence of events when data is transferred from one device to another.

Buffers are used for many purposes, including:

• Interconnecting two digital circuits operating at different rates.
• Holding data for later use.
• Allowing timing corrections to be made on a data stream.
• Collecting binary data bits into groups that can then be operated on as a unit.
• Delaying the transit time of a signal in order to allow other operations to occur.

• The BUFFERS command/statement in CONFIG.SYS of DOS.
• The buffer between a serial port (UART) and a modem. The COM port speed may be 38400 bit/s while the modem may have only a 14400 bit/s carrier.
• The integrated buffer on a hard disk drive, printer, BD/DVD/CD drive or other piece of hardware.
• The framebuffer on a video card.

An early mention of a print buffer is the "Outscriber" devised by image processing pioneer Russel A. Kirsch for the SEAC computer in 1952:[1]

One of the most important problems in the design of automatic digital computers is that of getting the calculated results out of the machine rapidly enough to avoid delaying the further progress of the calculations. In many of the problems to which a general-purpose computer is applied the amount of output data is relatively big — so big that serious inefficiency would result from forcing the computer to wait for these data to be typed on existing printing devices. This difficulty has been solved in the SEAC by providing magnetic recording devices as output units. These devices are able to receive information from the machine at rates up to 100 times as fast as an electric typewriter can be operated. Thus, better efficiency is achieved in recording the output data; transcription can be made later from the magnetic recording device to a printing device without tying up the main computer.

• Buffer overflow
• Buffer underrun
• Circular buffer
• Disk buffer
• Streaming media
• Frame buffer for use in graphical display
• Double buffering and Triple buffering for techniques mainly in graphics
• Depth buffer, Stencil buffer, for different parts of image information
• Variable length buffer
• Optical buffer
• MissingNo., the result of buffer data not being cleared properly in Pokémon Red and Blue
• UART buffer
• ENOBUFS, POSIX error caused by lack of memory in buffers
• Write buffer, a type of memory buffer
• Zero-copy
• 512k day