Cochliomyia hominivorax

Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screw-worm fly, or screw-worm for short, is a species of parasitic fly that is well known for the way in which its larvae (maggots) eat the living tissue of warm-blooded animals. It is present in the New World tropics. There are five species of Cochliomyia but only one species of screw-worm fly in the genus is parasitic; there is also a single Old World species in a different genus (Chrysomya bezziana). Infestation of a live vertebrate animal by a maggot is technically called myiasis. While the maggots of many fly species eat dead flesh, and may occasionally infest an old and putrid wound, screw-worm maggots are unusual because they attack healthy tissue.

Cochliomyia hominivorax
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Calliphoridae
Genus: Cochliomyia
Species:
C. hominivorax
Binomial name
Cochliomyia hominivorax
(Coquerel, 1858)
Larva

Life cycle

Screw-worm females lay 250–500 eggs in the exposed flesh of warm-blooded animals, including humans, such as in wounds and the navels of newborn animals. The larvae hatch and burrow into the surrounding tissue as they feed. Should the wound be disturbed during this time, the larvae burrow or "screw" deeper into the flesh, thus the insect's name. The maggots are capable of causing severe tissue damage or even death to the host. About three to seven days after hatching, the larvae fall to the ground to pupate. The pupae reach the adult stage about seven days later. Female screw-worm flies mate four to five days after hatching. The entire lifecycle is around 20 days. A female can lay up to 3,000 eggs and fly up to 200 km (120 mi) during her life.

Control

The United States officially eradicated the screw-worm in 1982 using the sterile insect technique. However, a 2016 outbreak occurred in Monroe County, Florida.[1] The screw-worm was eradicated in Guatemala and Belize in 1994, El Salvador in 1995, and Honduras in 1996. Campaigns against the flies continue in Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Jamaica with financial assistance from the United States Department of Agriculture, which tries to push back the parasite beyond the narrow and easily controlled Isthmus of Panama.

Etymology

From the Greek kochlias (snail with a spiral shell) + myia (fly) and the Latin hominis (man) + vorax (consuming), Cochliomyia hominivorax, or the New World screw-worm fly (formerly Callitroga (Greek kallos, (beautiful), + trogein, (to gnaw), Americana), was first described by French entomologist Charles Coquerel in 1858.[2]

The 1977 science fiction story "The Screwfly Solution" imagines aliens exterminating humans in a similar fashion. In Carmen Mola's detective novel La novia gitana (2018), and in The Dante Club (2003) by Matthew Pearl, Cochliomyia hominivorax is used as a murder weapon by introducing eggs or larvae into the body of an intended victim. In the television series BrainDead (2016), an extraterrestrial version of the screw-worm causes the hosts to become overzealous about their politics and health.

References
  1. "Deadly fly larvae infests federally endangered Key deer population, more than 40 are euthanized". FLKeysNews.com. 2016-10-03. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  2. Henry, Ronnie (February 2019). "Etymologia: Cochliomyia hominivorax". Emerg Infect Dis. 25 (2): 389–390. doi:10.3201/eid2502.et2502. PMC 6346460. PMID 30666944. citing public domain text from the CDC
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Further reading
  • John Curran, Veterinary Officer, Broome (2002). "Screw-Worm Fly" (PDF). Government of Western Australia: Department of Agriculture Farmnotes. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 1, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • California Department of Food and Agriculture Animal Health Branch (January 2000). "Fact Sheet: Screwworm" (PDF). Retrieved Mar 4, 2012.
  • James, Maurice T. (1947) The Flies That Cause Myiasis in Man. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 631.
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