Cinchophen

Cinchophen (trade names Atophan, Quinophan, and Phenaquin) is an analgesic drug that was first produced by Doebner & Gieskel in 1887, it was commercially introduced in 1908 as a treatment for gout. This drug is still used, in combination with Prednisolone, by veterinarians to treat arthritis in animals. It can be prepared starting from anilin, benzaldehyde and pyruvic acid in absolute ethanol.[1] Use of this drug in humans ceased in the 1930s due to the discovery that cinchophen can cause serious liver damage.[2] There is some evidence that it stimulates C-Fos.[3]

Cinchophen
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
ATC code
Identifiers
  • 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.004.608
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H11NO2
Molar mass249.269 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(O)c1c3ccccc3nc(c1)c2ccccc2
  • InChI=1S/C16H11NO2/c18-16(19)13-10-15(11-6-2-1-3-7-11)17-14-9-5-4-8-12(13)14/h1-10H,(H,18,19) checkY
  • Key:YTRMTPPVNRALON-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

History

Cinchophen was first introduced in 1908 as 'Atophan' and used for the treatment of gout and arthritis.[4] It was efficacious at reducing the buildup of uric acid and became a popular medicine. Further studies in 1911 and 1912 were successful in isolating metabolites of cinchophen from human urine. During the 1920s, cases of severe adverse effects such as liver damage and cirrhosis had been clinically observed; the first case of jaundice was recorded in 1923 and the first fatality occurred in 1925. Approximately half of all patients experienced toxic effects and by 1932 there were 32 drugs available that contained cinchophen or its derivatives as their active ingredients,[5] experiments were conducted to determine the drugs pharmacology [6] but the mechanism of drug induced liver injury remained unclear. Cinchophen was considered to be too dangerous for human use in most countries but has applications in veterinary medicine as a treatment for osteoarthritis in dogs.

Available forms

Cinchophen can be administered orally in tablet form or intravenously in liquid form.[7]

Toxicity and side-effects

Cinchophen toxicity may present 6 to 12 hours after administration. Symptoms can include hyperventilation, hyperthermia (fever), gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea, hives, vomiting, delirium, hepatitis,[8] jaundice, anorexia, convulsions, coma and death.[7] Fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys, necrosis of hepatic cells [9] in addition to yellow atrophy of the liver have been recorded in autopsy findings.

Treatment

Cinchophen administration should be immediately ceased if symptoms occur. There is no cure for acute cinchophen poisoning but early diagnosis and symptomatic treatments may be effective. Calcium lactate may be used to treat hives and oral or intravenous glucose can relieve gastrointestinal symptoms. If glucose is given, insulin may be needed to protect the liver from further damage. Oral alkali treatments can combat acidosis and anti-emetics may be required to manage nausea and vomiting.[8]

Veterinary medicine

Cinchophen is the main active ingredient in prednoleucotropin (PLT), a medication used in the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs.[10] PLT may produce analgesic and anti-pyretic effects at higher doses. Osteoarthritic dogs treated with PLT have shown significant improvement of joint mobility, stiffness, lameness and weight bearing capacity.[11] When administered correctly, PLT has shown similar clinical efficacy to phenylbutazone. The effects of PLT toxicity in dogs are similar to cinchophen toxicity in humans and include hepatotoxicity and gastric ulceration.

References
  1. Ahluwalia VK (2005). Intermediates for Organic Synthesis. I. K. International. p. 262. ISBN 978-81-88-237-33-3.
  2. Cutrín Prieto C, Nieto Pol E, Batalla Eiras A, Casal Iglesias L, Pérez Becerra E, Lorenzo Zúñiga V (June 1991). "[Toxic hepatitis from cinchophen: report of 3 cases]". Medicina Clinica (in Spanish). 97 (3): 104–6. PMID 1679861.
  3. Takayama K, Xiong Y, Miura M (May 1994). "Neuronal expression of Fos protein in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus after i.p. injection of ulcergenic cinchophen". Neuroscience Letters. 172 (1–2): 55–8. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90661-0. PMID 7916144. S2CID 22824054.
  4. Lutwak-Mann C (December 1942). "The effect of salicylate and cinchophen on enzymes and metabolic processes". The Biochemical Journal. 36 (10–12): 706–28. doi:10.1042/bj0360706. PMC 1266862. PMID 16747500.
  5. Palmer, Walter Lincoln; Woodall, Paul S. (1936-09-05). "Cinchophen—Is There a Safe Method of Administration?". Journal of the American Medical Association. 107 (10): 760–764. doi:10.1001/jama.1936.02770360006003. ISSN 0002-9955.
  6. Reichle HS (1932-02-01). "Cinchophen Poisoning: An Attempt to Produce Toxic Cirrhosis of the Liver in Rats". Archives of Internal Medicine. 49 (2): 215–220. doi:10.1001/archinte.1932.00150090045005. ISSN 0730-188X.
  7. Stevens, Serita (2007). Book of poisons : a guide for writers. Bannon, Anne. Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 9781599634401. OCLC 756774729.
  8. Winfield GA (February 1932). "Toxic Hepatitis Due to Cinchophen: A Report of Three Cases". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 26 (2): 170–4. PMC 402197. PMID 20318604.
  9. Parsons L, Harding WG (July 1932). "Cinchophen Administration – Jaundice as an Untoward Effect: Report of Cases". California and Western Medicine. 37 (1): 30–3. PMC 1658375. PMID 18742180.
  10. Murrell, Jo (2014). "Chronic pain: what are the options when NSAID treatment is inadequate?". Companion Animal. 19 (4): 212–217. doi:10.12968/coan.2014.19.4.212. ISSN 2053-0889.
  11. McKellar, Q. A.; Pearson, T.; Galbraith, E. A.; Boyle, J.; Bell, G. (1991). "Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of a cinchophen and prednisolone combination in the dog". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 32 (2): 53–58. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00913.x. ISSN 0022-4510.
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