Chris Hoy

Sir Christopher Andrew Hoy MBE (born 23 March 1976) is a former track cyclist and racing driver from Scotland who represented Great Britain at the Olympic and World Championships and Scotland at the Commonwealth Games.

For the American politician, see Chris Hoy (politician).

Sir
Chris Hoy
MBE
Hoy at the Homecoming Parade in Glasgow in 2012
Personal information
Full nameChristopher Andrew Hoy
Born (1976-03-23) 23 March 1976
Edinburgh, Scotland
Height1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)[1]
Weight92 kg (203 lb; 14 st 7 lb)[1]
Team information
DisciplineTrack
RoleRider
Amateur teams
1984–1986Scotia BMX
1986–1991GT Factory BMX Team
1992–1993Dunedin CC
1994–2001City of Edinburgh RC
2001–2003Team Athena
2004Team Persil
2005–2007Team Wolfson Microelectronics / Miller
Professional teams
2008–2013Team Sky+ HD
l
Medal record
Representing  Great Britain
Men's track cycling
Event 1st 2nd 3rd
Olympic Games 6 1 0
World Championships 11 8 6
Commonwealth Games 2 0 2
European Championships 0 0 1
Total 19 9 9
Olympic Games
Gold medal – first place2004 Athens1 km time trial
Gold medal – first place2008 BeijingSprint
Gold medal – first place2008 BeijingTeam sprint
Gold medal – first place2008 BeijingKeirin
Gold medal – first place2012 LondonTeam sprint
Gold medal – first place2012 LondonKeirin
Silver medal – second place2000 SydneyTeam sprint
World Championships
Gold medal – first place2002 Ballerup1 km time trial
Gold medal – first place2002 BallerupTeam sprint
Gold medal – first place2004 Melbourne1 km time trial
Gold medal – first place2005 Los AngelesTeam sprint
Gold medal – first place2006 Bordeaux1 km time trial
Gold medal – first place2007 Palma de Mallorca1 km time trial
Gold medal – first place2007 Palma de MallorcaKeirin
Gold medal – first place2008 ManchesterSprint
Gold medal – first place2008 ManchesterKeirin
Gold medal – first place2010 BallerupKeirin
Gold medal – first place2012 MelbourneKeirin
Silver medal – second place1999 BerlinTeam sprint
Silver medal – second place2000 ManchesterTeam sprint
Silver medal – second place2006 BordeauxTeam Sprint
Silver medal – second place2007 Palma de MallorcaTeam Sprint
Silver medal – second place2008 ManchesterTeam sprint
Silver medal – second place2011 ApeldoornKeirin
Silver medal – second place2011 ApeldoornTeam sprint
Silver medal – second place2011 ApeldoornSprint
Bronze medal – third place2001 AntwerpTeam sprint
Bronze medal – third place2003 StuttgartTeam sprint
Bronze medal – third place2004 MelbourneTeam sprint
Bronze medal – third place2005 Los Angeles1 km time trial
Bronze medal – third place2010 BallerupTeam Sprint
Bronze medal – third place2012 MelbourneSprint
European Championships
Bronze medal – third place2010 PruszkówTeam Sprint
Representing  Scotland
Commonwealth Games
Gold medal – first place2002 Manchester1 km time trial
Gold medal – first place2006 MelbourneTeam sprint
Bronze medal – third place2002 ManchesterTeam sprint
Bronze medal – third place2006 Melbourne1 km time trial

Hoy is an 11-time world champion and a six-time Olympic champion. With a total of seven Olympic medals, six gold and one silver, Hoy is the second most decorated Olympic cyclist of all time. Between 2012 and 2021, he was the most successful British Olympian and the most successful Olympic cyclist of all time. In 2021, he finally ceded both records to erstwhile colleague and rival Sir Jason Kenny. His 17 global titles across four disciplines make Hoy the most successful track cyclist at the global level of all times.

With his three gold medals in 2008 Summer Olympics, Hoy became Scotland's most successful Olympian, the first British athlete to win three gold medals in a single Olympic Games since Henry Taylor in 1908, and the most successful Olympic cyclist of all time. After winning a further two gold medals (in the keirin and team sprint) at the 2012 Summer Olympics, Hoy has won the second-most Olympic gold medals (six) of all British athletes, behind Jason Kenny, and more total medals (seven) than any except fellow cyclists Kenny and Sir Bradley Wiggins. Hoy has won Olympic gold medals in more separate events — team sprint (twice), match sprint, keirin (twice) and kilo — than any other cyclist.

Early life

The son of David and Carol Hoy.[2] Chris Hoy grew up in the suburb of Murrayfield, Edinburgh, and was privately educated at George Watson's College, followed by two years at the University of St Andrews studying Mathematics and Physics until 1996.[3] He subsequently transferred to the University of Edinburgh, from which he graduated BSc (Hons.) in Applied Sports Science in 1999.[4]

Hoy, whose first bike cost £5, was inspired to cycle at age six by the 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[5] Hoy says the BMX bike he saw in the film is what inspired him to start cycling.[6] Before track cycling, Hoy raced BMX between the ages of 7 and 14 and was ranked second in Britain, fifth in Europe, and ninth in the world. He received sponsorship from Slazenger and Kwik-Fit, and was competing in Europe and the USA. He first became aware of track cycling when he watched TV coverage of Scottish sprinter Eddie Alexander winning a bronze medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh.[7] Hoy also represented the Scotland Junior Rowing Team and was second in the 1993 National Rowing Championships with Grant Florence in the coxless pairs. He played rugby as part of his school's team.[8]

Early cycling career

Hoy joined his first cycling club, Dunedin C.C., in 1990, aged 14, and began concentrating on track cycling in 1993, when he joined the City of Edinburgh Racing Club.[8] In 1997, he and fellow Scottish sprinter Craig MacLean were tipped as medal prospects by Phil Liggett.[9]

Hoy won silver in Berlin, at the 1999 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in the team sprint, riding at man one, Craig MacLean at two and Jason Quealley at three. Regular teammates in the team sprint over the years included Craig MacLean, Ross Edgar, Jamie Staff, Jason Queally, Matthew Crampton, and Jason Kenny.

Olympics

2000 Sydney Olympics

Following Jason Queally's gold medal in the Kilo TT early in the Games, Hoy joined with him and Craig MacLean to win his first Olympic Medal, a Silver in the Team Sprint or "Olympic Sprint" as it was then called. Although they were beaten by an excellent French team, the two medals won for GB were to become the start of a renaissance of British track cycling after the debacle of the Atlanta Games, for which he and track endurance contemporary Sir Bradley Wiggins would eventually become the figureheads along with road sprinter Mark Cavendish. All three would eventually win BBC Sports Personality of the Year as cycling became mainstream in Great Britain.

2004 Olympics: Athens

Hoy arrived in Athens in the form of his life. His main event was the Kilo Time Trial. He was ranked No. 1 and was last man off. The sea level World Record was broken four times as he sat in the track centre waiting for his start. He had been involved in an accident in the athlete's village just a few days prior to competition where he came off his bike in front of a village bus, narrowly avoiding serious injury. As he came out of the starting gate, his scarred arms and legs showed how close he was to not competing.

The previous rider was Arnaud Tournant who set the fastest ever sea-level kilo. Chris came next and, cheered on by thousands of loyal British fans, he bettered the time on each lap, setting a new sea-level World and Olympic Record of 1.00.711. This was the first of his Olympic gold medals, but he suffered disappointment as Great Britain could only finish fifth in the Team Sprint.

Post-2004 Olympics

Angered by the decision to remove his specialist event, the Kilo, from the Olympic programme after the 2004 games, Hoy sought to develop in other events.[10] The first of these was the emerging keirin event This event involves between six and eight riders following a small motorbike (the Derny) around the 250m track for 5.5 laps, as the bike slowly builds up the speed. The bike pulls off with 2.5 laps to go and the riders race for the line. Hoy had previously competed at the keirin in various events but one of his first major successes was at the Manchester round of the World Cup Classics Series in 2007, shortly before the World Championships, where he also won, ahead of his teammate Ross Edgar.

This showed that Hoy was developing from just a pure power sprinter, in events like the Kilo and Team Sprint, into also being one of the best in the world at more tactical sprinting events such as the keirin[11] and the individual sprint. His success in the new events, however, was still marked by Hoy's ability to generate extraordinary power.

2007 world record attempt

On 12 May 2007, Hoy attempted the world record for the kilometre. He fell 0.005 seconds short, clocking 58.880. He set a record for the 500m flying start at 24.758 seconds, over a second less than the 25.850 set by Arnaud Duble. Hoy set the sea-level kilometre record of 1 minute 0.711 seconds by winning the Olympics in Athens in 2004. The outright record of 58.875 seconds is held by Arnaud Tournant (France), set during 2001 at altitude in La Paz, Bolivia, where Hoy also attempted to break the record. At the time, only 3 sub-60sec kilos had ever been ridden; Hoy recorded two of these over two days in La Paz.[12]

Hoy's main achievement is his development in the individual sprint event considered to be the blue riband event of track cycling.[13] Kilo riders like Hoy have historically not fared as well at this event, as they were less experienced in the tactical elements required for the sprint. Previously, Hoy had competed in the sprint at various World Cup events and Revolution meetings in Manchester, but it was not one of his main events and he did not compete in it at the World Championships or the Olympics.

In the semi-finals Hoy defeated Italian veteran Roberto Chiappa 2–0, to set up a meeting in the final against France's Kévin Sireau. Sireau was the World Cup Classics points winner for the season and had defeated Hoy 2–0 in their previous meeting only a few weeks earlier. However, with the vocal Manchester crowd behind him Hoy was not to be denied victory and he completed the win 2–0, the first British man to win the sprint title in 52 years since Reg Harris.[14]

2008 Olympics
Hoy at the 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Manchester

Hoy became the first British Olympian for 100 years to claim three golds at one games at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. This came when he won the men's keirin, the men's team sprint and also the men's individual sprint.[15]

2008/09 season

Hoy did not race at the first major event of the 2009/10 season, the World Cup Classics Event in Manchester on 4 October – 2 November. He instead made an appearance to sign autographs and commentate with the BBC. He made his return to racing in the UK at the Revolution 22 event in Manchester in December. He received a standing ovation from the Manchester faithful at the start of the event when he was introduced to the crowd.[16] At this event Hoy won both the Sprint and Keirin competitions, defeating likes of Jason Kenny, Jamie Staff, Ross Edgar, Matthew Crampton and Teun Mulder along the way. Hoy competed in the World Cup Classics series' final event in Copenhagen, Denmark in February, helping his team to a gold medal in the team sprint event. However, he crashed out during the men's Keirin final and was forced to miss the final day of competition, including the men's sprint. Although at first, his injury seemed minor, he returned to Manchester where, following a scan, he was diagnosed with a serious degloving injury which finished his season and kept him off his bike for almost three months.[17] He was unable to compete as planned at the Revolution 24 event in Manchester the following weekend, he did however make an appearance at the event. He had to pull out of the World Championships in Poland at the end of March, where he would have attempted to defend two World titles, because of the hip injury.[18]

2009/10 season
Hoy celebrates winning the keirin at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Ballerup, Denmark

Hoy started the 09/10 track season at the National Cycling Centre, Manchester, at the British National Championships where he took only his second (and third) ever individual national titles. He took gold medals in the Keirin, Sprint and was part of the Team Sprint Team representing team SKY along with Jamie Staff and Jason Kenny. Two weeks later, he raced in round one of the UCI World Cup at the same venue and took gold in the Men's Keirin. He then went into day 2 of the competition and took gold in the sprint event, beating fellow Brit Matthew Crampton in the final 2–0. A third World Cup gold came in the Team Sprint on the Sunday. Having ridden and won 12 events over the weekend, he withdrew from the International Japanese Keirin which was consequently won by Crampton.

At the 2010 UCI World Championships, Hoy was beaten in the quarter-final of the men's sprint event by his German opponent, Robert Förstemann, who won after making an attack from the start line. He was part of the GB men's team sprint that took the bronze. In the Keirin event, Hoy won the gold medal, despite crashing in the heats, to take his tenth world title.[19]

2010/11 season

Hoy lost in the first round of the men's sprint at the European Championships to Ireland's Felix English. At the Manchester World Cup event in February 2011, Hoy lost in the semi-finals to Jason Kenny.[20] Hoy took the match sprint title at the British National Championships in October 2011.[21]

2011/12 track season

At the 2012 World Cup event held in the new London Velodrome, Hoy won three medals. He won gold in the keirin and bronze in the team sprint, before winning gold in the Men's Sprint, losing just one race in four rounds.[22]

2012 Olympics
Hoy leading Team GB out as the team's flag carrier at the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

Hoy was an ambassador for the 2012 Olympic Games in London. Hoy led Team GB out as the team's flag carrier at the opening ceremony.[23] He then went on to win gold in the team sprint with Jason Kenny and Philip Hindes, setting a new world record in the velodrome[24] and becoming Team GB's joint gold record holder with Sir Steve Redgrave's tally of five gold medals with a total of six medals (5 gold, 1 silver).[25]

On 7 August 2012, Hoy won gold in the Keirin to overtake Sir Steve Redgrave and become the most successful British olympian ever, winning a total of 6 gold medals. This also made him the joint holder of most medals won by any British athlete in the Olympic Games with fellow cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins and Jason Kenny.[26]

Retirement

On 18 April 2013, Hoy announced his retirement from competitive cycling. He said he was very proud to have taken part in the transformation of the sport.[27]

Motorsport career
Hoy contested the 2014 British GT Championship in a Nissan GT-R

Hoy's interest in motorsport competition led him to contest the inaugural season of the Radical Sportscars SR1 Cup, scooping his first motorsport podium at Snetterton in the same season. Hoy has since contested selected rounds of the Radical SR3 Challenge and Radical European Masters in Radical's SR3 RS and SR8 RX open sportscars. On 8 April 2014 it was announced[28] that Hoy would be joining the British GT championship driving a Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3 with a view to competing in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016.

Hoy took his first victory in international competition at the opening round of the 2015 European Le Mans Series at Silverstone where he drove a Ginetta-Nissan to a class win alongside team-mate Charlie Robertson.[29] The pairing took another two wins in the series' LMP3 class, including at the penultimate round at Circuit Paul Ricard, which clinched them the class title with a round to spare.[30]

He subsequently competed at the 2015 Race of Champions at the London Olympic Stadium, receiving a late invitation to race as part of Team All Stars in the Nations Cup alongside Romain Grosjean as a replacement for Jorge Lorenzo after the motorcyclist suffered leg burns as a result of post-race celebrations on his motorbike when he clinched that season's MotoGP title.[31]

However Hoy and Grosjean were knocked out in the first round by the Young Stars team of Pascal Wehrlein and Jolyon Palmer.[32]

In March 2016 it was confirmed that Hoy would be entered for the 2016 Le Mans 24 Hours, sharing a Ligier JS P2-Nissan with Andrea Pizzitola and Michael Munemann. He was the first Summer Olympic medallist to compete at Le Mans,[33] the ninth former Olympian to race there and the second Olympic champion to do so, after alpine skier Henri Oreiller.[34]

Hoy and his team-mates finished the race in 17th overall and 12th[35] in class.[36]

Complete British GT Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Year Team Car Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DC Points
2014 Nissan GT Academy Team RJN Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3 GT3 OUL
1
9		 OUL
2
13		 ROC
1
13		 SIL
1
7		 SNE
1
13		 SNE
2
16		 SPA
1
16		 SPA
2
2		 BRH
1
11		 DON
1
11		 20th 29
2019 Multimatic Motorsports Ford Mustang GT4 GT4 OUL
1		 OUL
2		 SNE
1		 SNE
2		 SIL
1		 DON
1
18		 SPA
1
27		 BRH
1		 DON
1		 17th 18

Complete European Le Mans Series results
Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rank Points
2015 Team LNT LMP3 Ginetta LMP3 Nissan VK50 5L V8 SIL
1		 IMO
Ret		 RBR
1		 LEC
1		 EST
3		 1st 94
2016 Algarve Pro Racing LMP2 Ligier JS P2 Nissan VK45DE 4.5 L V8 SIL
10		 IMO
Ret		 RBR LEC SPA EST 34th 1

24 Hours of Le Mans results
Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. Class
Pos.
2016 Portugal Algarve Pro Racing United Kingdom Michael Munemann
France Andrea Pizzitola		 Ligier JS P2-Nissan LMP2 341 17th 12th

24 Hours of Silverstone results
Year Team Co-Drivers Car Car No. Class Laps Pos. Class
Pos.
2015 United Kingdom Team LNT United Kingdom Lawrence Tomlinson
United Kingdom Charlie Robertson
United Kingdom Mike Simpson
France Gaetan Paletou		 Ginetta Juno LMP3 12 1 418 13th 2nd

Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results

(key)

Supercar
Year Entrant Car 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 WRX Points
2019 Christopher Hoy Ford Fiesta MK7 UAE BAR
15		 BEL GBR NOR SWE CAN FRA LAT RSA 29th 2

Hoy Bikes

Hoy unveiled the brand which bears his name in November 2012, three months after winning the double Olympic gold in London. The debut range included three road bikes and four city bikes, as well as a track bike.[37] It was later extended by several other designs, including bicycles for children.[38]

Personal life

Hoy is married to Sarra Kemp, Lady Hoy, a lawyer from Edinburgh. They got married in 2010 at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.[39][40] They have a son, Callum,[41] and a daughter, Chloe.[42]

Hoy's autobiography was published in 2009.[43] Hoy's first two children's fiction books, about a young cyclist called Flying Fergus, were published in 2016.[44][45] In 2020, Hoy published another children's book titled Be Amazing.[6]

In April 2013, Hoy accepted the appointment of ambassador to the Royal Air Force Air Cadets and assumed the rank of Honorary Group Captain RAFVR(T).[46] He has since relinquished this role. In 2013, Hoy was appointed as an ambassador for UNICEF UK, having been an International Inspiration ambassador for UNICEF since 2009.[47]

Hoy has been Ambassador for the Scottish Association for Mental Health since 2009. In that time he has devoted many hours to raising awareness of and funds for the mental health cause.[48]

In December 2016 and December 2017, Hoy supported the Scottish social enterprise Social Bite by sleeping out at their Sleep in the Park events to raise money for homeless people.[49]

Medal history
World Championships
  • 1999 – Team sprint
  • 2000 – Team sprint
  • 2001 – Team sprint
  • 2002 – 1 km time trial; Team sprint
  • 2003 – Team sprint
  • 2004 – 1 km time trial; Team sprint
  • 2005 – Team sprint; 1 km time trial
  • 2006 – 1 km time trial; Team sprint
  • 2007 – Keirin; 1 km time trial; Team sprint
  • 2008 – Sprint; Keirin; Team sprint
  • 2010 – Keirin; Team sprint
  • 2011 – Keirin; Team sprint;[50] Sprint[50]
  • 2012 – Keirin; Sprint
Olympic Games
Track Cycling World Ranking
  • 2009–10 – 3rd Keirin
  • 2010–11 – 2nd Keirin, 3rd Team sprint
  • 2011–12 – 1st Keirin
Commonwealth Games
Special awards

Honours

Bibliography

Non Fiction
  • Chris Hoy: the Autobiography (2009, HarperCollins) ISBN 9780007311316
  • Hoy, Chris (2 October 2018), How to ride a bike : from starting out to peak performance, Hamlyn, an imprint of Octopus Publishing (published 2018), ISBN 978-0-600-63521-5

Children's fiction
  • Flying Fergus 2: The Great Cycle Challenge (2016, Bonnier Publishing Fiction); ISBN 9781848125629

See also

References
  1. "Chris Hoy Champion Cyclist". Chris Hoy official website.
  2. "Revealed: Sir Chris Hoy's father in prostate cancer battle - Daily Record". 6 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  3. "Olympic Honorary - Sir Chris Hoy's student days at St Andrews". University of St Andrews. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
  4. "Alumnus of the year 2012 Chris Hoy". The University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  5. Deborah Charles (19 August 2008). "E.T. fan Hoy is out of this world". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  6. "Chris Hoy: 'I had no natural ability as a cyclist!'". the Guardian. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  7. Philip, Robert (13 February 2008). "Cycling champion Chris Hoy inspired by E.T." telegraph.co.uk. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  8. "Biography". chrishoy.com.
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  11. "Confident Hoy Right on Track". Eurosport. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
  12. Jill Douglas (13 May 2007). "Hoy sets new world best over 500m". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 8 September 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
  13. William Fotheringham (20 August 2008). "Olympics: Impenetrable Hoy joins greats after sprinting to third gold". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  14. Anna Kessell. "Chris Hoy hails the whole British Olympic cycling team after winning BBC Sports Personality of the Year award". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
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  20. Fotheringham, William (18 February 2011). "Great Britain women strike gold as Chris Hoy loses out to Jason Kenny". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  21. Sir Chris Hoy makes statement of intent in single match sprint victory Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, guardian.co.uk, 1 October 2011.
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  25. Fotheringham, William (2 August 2012). "Chris Hoy claims fifth Olympic gold medal as Britain win team sprint". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
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  28. "Sir Chris Hoy to Compete in British GT Championship". 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  29. Hobbs, David (11 April 2015). "Sir Chris Hoy strikes gold claiming first win in international motorsport in opening round of European Le Mans Series". itv.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  30. Staff (7 September 2015). "Sir Chris Hoy wins European Le Mans title". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
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  32. Reiman, Samuel (20 November 2015). "Race of Champions: Priaulx gets first Nations Cup for England". foxsports.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
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  34. Staff (31 March 2016). "Sir Chris Hoy to fulfil boyhood dream by competing in Le Mans 24 Hour". theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  35. "Le Mans Results" (PDF). lemans.org. 19 June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
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  37. Road Cycling UK - Sir Chris Hoy announces HOY bike brand partnership with Evans Cycles Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, roadcyclinguk.com; accessed 29 September 2015.
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  39. "Olympic cyclist Sir Chris Hoy marries". BBC News Online. 17 April 2010. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
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  41. "Son for Chris Hoy and his wife Sarra". BBC News Online. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
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  44. Sir Chris Hoy (25 February 2016). Flying Fergus 1: The Best Birthday Bike. Bonnier Publishing Fiction. ISBN 978-1-84812-561-2.
  45. Sir Chris Hoy (25 February 2016). Flying Fergus 2: The Great Cycle Challenge. Bonnier Publishing Fiction. ISBN 978-1-84812-562-9.
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  48. "Read about SAMH's Ambassador, Sir Chris Hoy". SAMH. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  49. "Sir Chris Hoy Joins Sleep Out for Social Bite". The Scotsman. 16 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  50. Stokes, Shane (6 January 2012). "UCI confirms Jason Kenny, Germany are upgraded to 2011 world track champions". VeloNation. VeloNation LLC. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  51. "No. 57509". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2004. pp. 13–18.
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  54. "Honorary Degrees June 2009". 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  55. "No. 58929". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2008. p. 1.
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