Chabi

Chabi (Mongolian: Чаби хатан, ᠴᠠᠪᠢ ᠬᠠᠲᠤᠨ; Chinese: 察必, c. 1216[1]–1281) was a Khongirad empress consort of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China, married to Kublai Khan (Emperor Shizu).

Chabi
Portrait by Araniko, displaying the characteristic gugu hat
Khatun of Mongols
Tenure1260–1281
PredecessorKhutughtai khatun
SuccessorEmpress Nambui
Empress consort of the Yuan dynasty
Tenure1271–1281
PredecessorEmpress Quan
SuccessorEmpress Nambui
BornJanuary 28, 1216
Died20 March 1281(1281-03-20) (aged 65)
SpouseKublai Khan (?-1281)
IssueGrand Princess of Zhao, Yuelie

Grand Princess of Chang, Ulujin Princess-Aunt of the State of Chang, Chalun Crown Prince Zhenjin, Prince of Yan Manggala, Prince of Anxi Grand Princess of Lu, Öljei Nomugan, Prince of Beiping Grand Princess of Lu, Nangiajin Kokechi, Prince of Liang

Imperial Aunt, the Princess Supreme of Je State
Posthumous name
Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng (昭睿順聖皇后)
ClanKhongirad
FatherAnchen, Prince of Jining zhongwu of Khongirad (濟寧忠武王 按陳)
ReligionBuddhism

Life

She was born around 1216 to Anchen (按陳), Prince of Jining zhongwu (濟寧忠武王) of Khongirad.[2] She married Kublai as his second wife and bore him four sons and six daughters later.[3] She was an important political and diplomatic influence, especially in pleasing the Chinese masses through reconciliation with Confucianism. She was compared to Börte through for her reputation.[4] She was described as extremely beautiful and charming by Rashid al-Din.[5]

Möngke Khagan died in 1259 while Kublai was campaigning against the Song Dynasty. She warned her husband of advancements of Ariq Böke beforehand.[6] After conquest of China, she suggested a better treatment of the north Chinese imperial family, namely Empress Quan in 1276. She also introduced new court fashion in form of hats. Chabi also promoted Buddhism in the high levels of government fiercely. She also named her child under influence of Buddhism.[3] She mediated religious disputes between Kublai and Phagpa, and supported the latter both economically and politically.[6] She was also patron of Zangpo Pal.

Here are some of the many accomplishments of the queen: "Mongol hats didn't have a brim before. The king's eyes sparkled when he shot a bow and arrow. When he told the queen about it, the queen immediately sewed a brim for his hat. The king was very happy and immediately started to wear the hat. This sable hat is the hat depicted in the portraits of many Mongolian kings of the Yuan Dynasty.[7]

The queen made another item of clothing. According to the Yuan shi, the invention of bijiia is attributed to Empress Chabi during the Yuan dynasty. Empress Chabi designed the bijia so that it would be a convenient form of attire while riding horses and shooting arrows. The front region of the bijia designed by Empress Chabi was made of 1-piece of fabric, and its back region was twice longer than the front region. It was collarless and sleeveless, and there were two loop straps which attached to it. It also had no lapels. The bijia was first worn by the Yuan dynasty emperor but it later became popular among commoners.

She died in 1281, probably arranging her niece Nambui to marry Kublai afterwards. She was posthumously renamed Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng (昭睿順聖皇后) by her grandson Temür Khan.

Family

She had 4 sons and 6 daughters with Kublai khan:

  1. Grand Princess of Zhao, Yuelie (赵国大長公主) — married to Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao (趙王)
  2. Grand Princess of Chang, Ulujin (吾魯真公主) — married to Buqa from Ikires clan
  3. Princess-Aunt of the State of Chang, Chalun (昌国大长公主) – married to Teliqian from Ikires clan
  4. Crown Prince Zhenjin (1240–1285) — Prince of Yan (燕王)
  5. Manggala (c. 1242–1280) — Prince of Anxi (安西王)
  6. Grand Princess of Lu, Öljei (鲁国长公主) — married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan, Prince of Lu
  7. Nomugan (d. 1301) — Prince of Beiping (北平王)
  8. Grand Princess of Lu, Nangiajin (鲁国大长公主) — married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan, Princess of Lu, then after Ulujin's death in 1278 to his brother Temür, and after Temür's death in 1290 to a third brother, Manzitai
  9. Kokechi (d.1271) — Prince of Yunnan (云南王)
  10. Imperial-Aunt of the State of Je, Qutluq kelmish (忽都魯 揭里迷失) (c.1251-1297) — married Chungnyeol of Goryeo

She was portrayed several times in TV series and movies:

Sources
  • Stearns, Peter N.; Michael Adas; Stuart B. Schwartz; Marc Jason Gilbert (2011). "14 • The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur". World Civilizations: The Global Experience AP* Edition (6th ed.). pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-13-136020-4.
  • Jack Weatherford (2011). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire Paperback. Broadway Books. ISBN 0307407160.
  • "MONGOLS, CHRISTIANITY, NESTORIANS AND THE SILK ROAD". factsanddetails.com.

References
  1. Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II:Tang Through Ming 618-1644: "Chabui, c. 1216–1281 (Mongol and Yuan dynasties). Was the most senior, although not the first, wife of Quibilai Khan (1215–1294)"
  2. "元史/卷114 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆". zh.wikisource.org (in Chinese). Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  3. Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire. New York, NY: Facts On File. p. 82. ISBN 0-8160-4671-9. OCLC 52901464.
  4. May, Timothy (2016-11-07). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-1-61069-340-0.
  5. Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb, 1247?-1318. (1971). The successors of Genghis Khan. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 241. ISBN 0-231-03351-6. OCLC 160563.
  6. Rossabi, Morris (2014-01-01). "12. Khubilai Khan and the Women in His Family". From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia. Brill. pp. 327–362. doi:10.1163/9789004285293_014. ISBN 978-90-04-28529-3.
  7. Д.Идэр. Их Юань Улсын Хатад. УБ., 2016. т.25-26
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