CHIPS and Science Act

The CHIPS and Science Act is a U.S. federal statute enacted by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 9, 2022. The act provides roughly $280 billion in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of semiconductors in the United States.[1] The act includes $39 billion in subsidies for chip manufacturing on US soil along with 25% investment tax credits for costs of manufacturing equipment, and $13 billion for semiconductor research and workforce training, with the primary aim of countering China.[2][3]: 1 

"CHIPS Act" redirects here. For other uses, see Chips Act.

CHIPS and Science Act
Great Seal of the United States
Other short titles
  • CHIPS Act of 2022
  • Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act
  • Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022
Long titleMaking appropriations for Legislative Branch for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2022, and for other purposes
NicknamesCHIPS-Plus
Enacted bythe 117th United States Congress
EffectiveAugust 9, 2022
Citations
Public lawPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 117–167 (text) (PDF)
Statutes at Large136 Stat. 1366
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 4346 the Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022 by Tim Ryan (D–OH) on July 1, 2021
  • Committee consideration by House Appropriations
  • Passed the House on July 28, 2021 (215–207)
  • Passed the Senate as the Chips and Science Act on July 27, 2022 (64–33) with amendment
  • House agreed to Senate amendment on July 28, 2022 (243–187–1)
  • Signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 9, 2022

The act does not have an official short title as a whole but is divided into three divisions with their own short titles: Division A is the CHIPS Act of 2022 (where CHIPS stands for "Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors"); Division B is the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act; and Division C is the Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022.[4]

History

The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills: the Endless Frontier Act,[5] designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research, and the CHIPS for America Act,[6] designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. The act is aimed at competing with China.[7]

The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented to Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under Secretary of State Keith Krach in October 2019, as part of the Global Economic Security Strategy to boost investment in high-tech research vital to U.S. national security.[8][9] The plan was to grow $150 billion in government R&D funding into a $500 billion investment, with matching investments from the private sector and a coalition of technological allies dubbed the "Techno-Democracies-10" (TD-10).[10][9] On May 27, 2020, Senators Young and Schumer, along with Congressmen Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Mike Gallagher (R-WI.), introduced the bipartisan, bicameral Endless Frontier Act to solidify the United States' leadership in scientific and technological innovation through increased investments in the discovery, creation, and commercialization of technology fields of the future.[11]

The United States Innovation and Competition Act of 2021 (USICA) (S. 1260), formerly known as the Endless Frontier Act, was United States legislation sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Senator Young authorizing $110 billion for basic and advanced technology research over a five-year period. Investment in basic and advanced research, commercialization, and education and training programs in artificial intelligence, semiconductors, quantum computing, advanced communications, biotechnology and advanced energy, amounts to $100 billion. Over $10 billion was authorized for appropriation to designate ten regional technology hubs and create a supply chain crisis-response program.[12]

The CHIPS for America Act portion stemmed from Under Secretary of State Krach and his team brokering the $12 billion on-shoring of TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) to secure the supply chain of sophisticated semiconductors, on May 15, 2020.[13][14][15] Krach's stated strategy was to use the TSMC announcement as a stimulus for fortifying a trusted supply chain by attracting TSMC's broad ecosystem of suppliers; persuading other chip companies to produce in U.S., especially Intel and Samsung; inspiring universities to develop engineering curricula focused on semiconductor manufacturing and designing a bipartisan bill (CHIPS for America) to provide the necessary funding.[16] This led to Krach and his team's close collaboration in creating the CHIPS for America component with Senators John Cornyn (R-TX) and Mark Warner (D-VA).[17] In June 2020, Senator Warner joined U.S. Senator John Cornyn in introducing the $52 billion CHIPS for America Act.[18]

Both bills were eventually merged into the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act (USICA). On June 8, 2021, the USICA passed 68–32 in the Senate with bipartisan support. The House version of the Bill, America COMPETES Act of 2022 (H.R. 4521), passed on February 4, 2022. The Senate passed an amended bill by substituting the text of H.R. 4521 with the text of the USICA on March 28, 2022. A Senate and House conference was required to reconcile the differences, which resulted in the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act, or "CHIPS Plus".[19] The bill passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 64–33 on July 27, 2022.[20] On July 28, the $280 billion bill passed the U.S. House by a vote of 243–187–1.[21] On August 1, 2022, the magazine EE Times (Electronic Engineering) dubbed Under Secretary of State Keith Krach (as of February 2023, now the current Chairman of the Krach Institute for Tech Diplomacy at Purdue University) the architect of the CHIPS and Science Act.[16] The bill was signed into law by President Joe Biden on August 9, 2022.[22]

Background and provisions

The bill constitutes an industrial policy initiative which takes place against the background of a perceived AI Cold War between the US and China, as artificial intelligence technology relies on semiconductors.[23] The bill was considered amidst a global semiconductor shortage and intended to provide subsidies and tax credits to chip makers with operations in the United States. The U.S. Department of Commerce was granted the power to allocate funds based on companies' willingness to sustain research, build facilities, and train new workers.[24]

For semiconductor and telecommunications purposes, the CHIPS Act designates roughly $106 billion. The CHIPS Act includes $39 billion in tax benefits and other incentives to encourage American companies to build new chip manufacturing plants in the U.S.[25] Additionally, $11 billion would go toward advanced semiconductor research and development, with $8.5 billion of that amount going to the National Institute for Standards and Technology, $500 million to Manufacturing USA, and $2 billion to a new public research hub called the National Semiconductor Technology Center. $24 billion would go to a new 25 percent advanced semiconductor manufacturing tax credit to encourage firms to stay in the United States, and $200 million would go to the National Science Foundation to resolve short-term labor supply issues.[26][27]

According to McKinsey, "The CHIPS Act allocates $2 billion to the Department of Defense to fund microelectronics research, fabrication, and workforce training. An additional $500 million goes to the Department of State to coordinate with foreign-government partners on semiconductor supply chain security. And $1.5 billion funds the USA Telecommunications Act of 2020, which aims to enhance competitiveness of software and hardware supply chains of open RAN 5G networks."[26][27] Companies are subjected to a ten-year ban prohibiting them from producing chips more advanced than 28-nanometers in China and Russia if they are awarded subsidies under the act.[28]

The act authorizes $174 billion for uses other than semiconductor and telecom technologies.[26][29] It authorizes, but does not appropriate, extended NASA funding for the International Space Station to 2030, partially funds the Artemis program returning humans to the Moon, and directs NASA to establish a Moon to Mars Program Office for a human mission to Mars beyond the Artemis program. The bill also obligates NASA to perform research into further domesticating its supply chains and diversifying and developing its workforce, reducing the environmental effects of aviation, integrating unmanned aerial vehicle detection with air traffic control, investigating nuclear propulsion for spacecraft, continuing the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and xenology efforts, and boosting astronomical surveys for Near-Earth objects including the NEO Surveyor project.[1][30]

The bill could potentially invest $67 billion in accelerating advanced zero-emissions technologies to mass markets and improving climate science research, according to the climate action think tank Rocky Mountain Institute. The bill would invest $81 billion in the NSF, including new money for STEM education and defense against foreign intellectual property infringement, and $20 billion in the new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, which would be tasked with deploying the above technologies, and authorizes but does not appropriate $12 billion for ARPA-E.[31] It contains annual budget increases for the United States Department of Energy for other purposes including supercomputer, nuclear fusion and particle accelerator research, and directs the United States Department of Commerce to establish $10 billion worth of research hubs in post-industrial, mostly rural economies.[26][29]

Passage
President Joe Biden signing the bill into law on the South Lawn of the White House on August 9, 2022
July 27, 2022 Senate vote by state
  Two yeas
  Yea and not voting
  Yea and Nay
  Two Nays
  Nay and not voting
July 28, 2022 House vote by congressional district
  Democratic yea (219)
  Democratic "present" (1)
  Republican yea (24)
  Republican nay (187)

Every senator in the Senate Democratic Caucus except for Bernie Sanders voted in favor of passing the CHIPS Act, and they were joined by seventeen Republican senators, including Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell, Utah senator Mitt Romney, and South Carolina senator Lindsey Graham.[20]

Reception

Support

Many legislators and elected officials from across both the federal government and various state governments endorsed the passage. A large group of governors consisting of Pennsylvania's Tom Wolf, Alabama's Kay Ivey, California's Gavin Newsom, Kentucky's Andy Beshear, Michigan's Gretchen Whitmer, Wisconsin's Tony Evers, Illinois' J. B. Pritzker, Kansas' Laura Kelly, and North Carolina's Roy Cooper pushed for the passage of the bill back in November 2021.[32][33]

Separately, Ohio governor Mike DeWine, whose state became the home of Intel's newest semiconductor fabrication plant in the Columbus suburb of New Albany, as well as Texas governor Greg Abbott and Texas senator John Cornyn, whose state was the home of a major investment from Samsung, each pushed for the bill to be passed and applauded its advancement through Congress.[34][35][36] It has received widespread support from chip firms, though they were concerned about the provision banning them from further investments in China.[37][38]

Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger said during an earnings call on September 30, 2022, that CHIPS Act subsidies were leading the company to explore building empty fab buildings (known as a "shell-first strategy") and aggressively acquire smaller competitors before installing any equipment, to avoid contributing to a predicted semiconductor glut.[39][40]

Opposition

The bill was criticized by Republican House leader Kevin McCarthy and senator Bernie Sanders as a "blank check", which the latter equated to a bribe to semiconductor companies.[20][41][42] China lobbied against the bill and criticized it as being "reminiscent of a 'Cold War mentality'".[43]

Concerns of protectionism

In a piece for the Brookings Institution on December 20, 2022, Sarah Kreps and Paul Timmers expressed concerns regarding the protectionist provisions of the CHIPS and Science Act and the risk of a subsidy race with the EU, which proposed its own European Chips Act in 2022.[44]

Concerns of inaction on labor and stock buybacks

Robert Kuttner, economic nationalist commentator and editor of The American Prospect, expressed concerns that the bill did not provide enough resources to allow local residents near fabs to organize or form a trade union (thereby making unions rely too heavily on community benefits agreements compared to federal policy), that the Commerce Department would be too friendly to states with right-to-work laws (where the first new fabs would be built), that the bill did not restrictively define a "domestic company" regarding financing, and that fab owners would simply use CHIPS Act money to buy back stocks.[45] In response to these concerns, on February 28, 2023, United States Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo published the first application for CHIPS Act grants, which encourages fab operators to use Project Labor Agreements for facilitating union negotiations during construction, outline their plans to curtail stock buybacks, share excess profits with the federal government, and open or point out nearby child care facilities.[46][40][47] The application led to over 200 statements of interest from private companies within the first month and a half, looking to invest across the entire semiconductor supply chain in 35 states;[48][49] by June 2023, the number had reached over 300.[50] The Prospect later covered the lack of progress in PLA talks between key investor TSMC and local unions in Phoenix, and included both author Lee Harris's claim that the Raimondo guidance was insufficient in helping the talks, and liberal commentator Ezra Klein's criticism of the Raimondo guidance as excessive.[51] Harris later reported that as a consequence TSMC and its non-union subcontractors had routinely engaged in alleged wage theft, underreported safety violations, and cut out various installation procedures that would have prevented costly repairs, delaying its projects.[47]

Impact

Many companies and ecosystem suppliers have announced investment plans since May 2020, when TSMC announced that it would build a fab in Arizona.[52][16][53][54]

These include (before the act passed on August 9, 2022):

  • In July 2021, GlobalFoundries announced plans to build a new $1 billion fab in Upstate New York.[55]
  • In November 2021, Samsung announced plans to build a $17 billion semiconductor factory to begin operations in the second half of 2024. It is the largest foreign direct investment ever in the state of Texas.[56]
  • In January 2022, Intel announced an initial $20 billion investment that will generate 3,000 jobs, the largest investment in Ohio's history, with plans to grow to $100 billion investment in eight fabrication plants.[57]
  • In May 2022, Purdue University launched the nation's first comprehensive semiconductor degrees program in anticipation of the CHIPS Act spurring the creation of jobs for 50,000 trained semiconductor engineers in the United States.[58][59]
  • In May 2022, Texas Instruments broke ground on new 300-mm semiconductor wafer fabrication plants in Sherman, Texas, and projected its investments will reach $30 billion and create as many as 3,000 jobs.[60]
  • In July 2022, SkyWater announced plans to build an advanced $1.8 billion semiconductor manufacturing facility with the government of Indiana and Purdue University to pursue CHIPS funding.[61][62]

After the act passed:

  • In September 2022, Wolfspeed announced it will build the world's largest silicon carbide semiconductor plant in Chatham County, North Carolina. By 2030, the company expects to occupy more than one million square feet of manufacturing space across 445 acres, at a cost of $1.3 billion. The first phase of development is supported by about $1 billion in incentives from state, county, and local governments, and the company intends to apply for CHIPS act money.[63]
  • In October 2022, Micron Technology announced it will invest $20 billion in a new chip factory in Clay, New York, to take advantages of the subsidies in the act and signaled it could expand its investments to $100 billion over 20 years.[1][64][65] The state of New York granted the company $5.5 billion in tax credits as an incentive to move there, if it meets employment promises.[64]
  • In December 2022, TSMC announced the opening of the company's second chip plant in Arizona, raising its investments in the state from $12 billion to $40 billion.[66] At that time, company officials said that construction costs in the U.S. were four to five times those in Taiwan (due to alleged higher costs of labor, red tape, and training) and that they were having difficulty finding qualified personnel (so some US hires were sent for training in Taiwan for 12–18 months), so it will cost at least 50% more to make a TSMC chip in the United States than in Taiwan.[67][68][47]
  • In February 2023, Texas Instruments announced an $11 billion investment in a new 300-mm wafer fab in Lehi, Utah.[69]
  • In February 2023, Integra Technologies announced a $1.8 billion proposal for expanding their Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) operation in Wichita, Kansas.[70]
  • In February 2023, EMP Shield announced a $1.9 billion proposal for a new campus in Burlington, Kansas.[71]
  • In April 2023, Bosch announced it was acquiring TSI Semiconductors and investing $1.5 billion in upgrades geared toward making silicon carbide chips at the TSI plant in Roseville, California.[72]
  • In June 2023, the French company Mersen, a subsidiary of Le Carbone Lorraine, announced it will spend $81 million on an expansion project in Bay City and Greenville, Michigan due to Michigan's state implementation of the CHIPS Act.[73]

On October 23, 2023, the Biden administration announced that it directed the Economic Development Administration to focus on 31 areas (across 32 states and Puerto Rico) that it designated "Tech Hubs", for the purposes of spreading development evenly around the country, and incubating advanced technology and research. The Tech Hubs' organizers will compete for a total of $500 million in implementation grants, the first such appropriation out of a budgeted $10 billion over the next five years. The Biden administration also gave out "Strategy Development Grants" to 29 consortia of businesses, labor unions and governments in areas that lost out, encouraging further organizational improvements before vying again to become a Tech Hub.[74][75][76]

Estimates of the results of the CHIPS Act vary. The trade group Semiconductor Industry Association, which analyzed announced investments from May 2020 to December 2022, claimed the CHIPS Act had led to more than 50 projects worth more than $200 billion that would create 44,000 jobs.[54] By the count of independent policy researcher Jack Conness, the CHIPS Act led to 27 projects worth $155 billion and a predicted 23,400 jobs; as of September 27, 2023, when considered together with Inflation Reduction Act investments, the total comes out to 154 projects worth $240 billion creating 97,500 jobs.

Arizona is in line for the two largest individual investments (TSMC's $40 billion investment, predicted to create 4,500 jobs; and a $30 billion investment from Intel creating 3,000 projected jobs), the most total jobs created (7,765) and the most dollars overall ($70.2 billion). Oklahoma received the third-largest related investment: the $20 billion from Micron creating 3,000 jobs. New York received the second-most overall dollars ($40.3 billion) and jobs created (3,600). Counties that voted for Biden in 2020 received more dollars from the Act ($122,096,000,000) than counties that voted for Donald Trump ($33,799,000,000).[53][77][78][49][79]

According to the New Democrat-linked think tank Center for American Progress, the CHIPS and Science Act, the Inflation Reduction Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act have together led to more than 35,000 public and private investments.[80] The Biden administration claimed that as of September 26, 2023, the three acts together led to more than $516 billion in private investment and more than $302.4 billion in public infrastructure spending.[81]

Manufacturing

In California, where the semiconductor industry was founded in Silicon Valley, experts say that it is very unlikely that any new manufacturing facilities will be built, due to tight regulations, high costs of land and electricity, and unreliable water supplies.[3] These factors have contributed to the state's 33% decline in manufacturing jobs since 1990.[3]

Research

In May 2023, Applied Materials announced it would build a new collaborative advanced research and development center (distinct from traditional fabs) named the "EPIC Center", short for "Equipment and Process Innovation and Commercialization Center", by 2026, next to its existing facility in Sunnyvale, California. The first known CHIPS Act-linked investment in Silicon Valley, the EPIC Center is worth $4 billion and is projected to create 2,000 jobs.[82][83][50]

See also

References
  1. Johnson, Lamar (August 9, 2022). "Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature". POLITICO. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022. Biden said Micron, an American-based company, announced a 10-year, $40 billion investment on Tuesday for factories and building memory chips as a result of the law. He also touted a Monday announcement by American companies Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries to invest $4 billion to produce semiconductors in the United States.
  2. "Taiwan's dominance of the chip industry makes it more important – No industry matters more to Taiwan than chipmaking". The Economist. March 6, 2023. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023. America is also trying to stop China getting advanced chips. It passed the CHIPS and Science Act in August 2022, offering $39bn in subsidies and a 25% tax credit to promote manufacturing at home, as well as $13bn of investment in chip research. In October 2022 it banned the export of advanced chips and chipmaking gear to China.
  3. Krieger, Lisa (September 4, 2022). "The U.S. is bringing chip-making home. Is California ready? - What the $52.7 billion CHIPS Act might mean for the birthplace of technology". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 14, 2023. But experts say that new plants are unlikely to be erected here. Manufacturing is stifled by several factors: high real-estate costs, unreliable water, expensive electric bills and stiff regulations. In general, manufacturing has plummeted in California. Since 1990, the state has lost a third of its factory jobs.
  4. "Text – H.R.4346 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022". U.S. Congress. August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
  5. "Congressional Bill". Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  6. "Congressional Bill". Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  7. "Bipartisan support for US science more likely in Senate than House". Physics Today. 2014. doi:10.1063/pt.5.028154. ISSN 1945-0699. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  8. "Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain". www.businesswire.com. March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  9. Krach, Keith (June 17, 2021). "The Senate just passed the next Apollo program". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  10. "Read @Kearney: The US–China high-tech competition is modernizing American industries: an interview with Keith Krach". Kearney. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  11. "Young, Schumer Unveil Endless Frontier Act to Bolster U.S. Tech Leadership and Combat China | U.S. Senator Todd Young of Indiana". www.young.senate.gov. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  12. "The Endless Frontier Act: Shifting the Focus from Defense to Offense". The National Law Review. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  13. Ip, Greg (July 29, 2021). "'Industrial Policy' Is Back: The West Dusts Off Old Idea to Counter China". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  14. "Briefing with Under Secretary for Growth, Energy, and the Environment Keith Krach, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Mung Chiang, and Assistant Secretary for International Security and Nonproliferation Christopher A. Ford On Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation's Intent to Invest $12 Billion In the U.S. and on the CCP's Ability to Undermine U.S. Export Controls". United States Department of State. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  15. "US woos Taiwan and its chipmakers in step toward trade pact". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  16. Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). "Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact". EE Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  17. "Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain". www.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  18. Hamblen, Matt (August 9, 2022). "President Biden signs CHIPS and Science Act: comments and reactions". Fierce Electronics. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  19. "The Bipartisan CHIPS Act—and a United U.S.— Are China's Biggest Fear". Newsweek. July 27, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  20. Sprunt, Barbara (July 27, 2022). "Legislation to subsidize U.S.-made semiconductor chips heads to Biden's desk". NPR. Archived from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  21. Kelly, Makena (July 28, 2022). "CHIPS Act clears Congress, ensuring $52 billion boost to US foundries". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  22. "Remarks by President Biden at Signing of H.R. 4346, "The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022"". The White House. August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  23. Herman, Arthur (October 17, 2022). "The Chip War With China Is Just Getting Started". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  24. Swanson, Ana (August 3, 2022). "Congress Is Giving Billions to the Chip Industry. Strings Are Attached". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  25. "What's in the recently passed CHIPS Act?". USAFacts. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  26. Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  27. Kersten, Alexander; Athanasia, Gabrielle; Arcuri, Gregory (August 9, 2022). "A Look at the CHIPS-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  28. Debby Wu; Daniel Flatley; Jenny Leonard (August 2, 2022). "US to Stop TSMC, Intel From Adding Advanced Chip Fabs in China". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  29. Arcuri, Gregory; Shivakumar, Sujai (August 11, 2022). "A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  30. Errick, Kirsten (August 4, 2022). "NASA Authorization Act Aims to Strengthen U.S. Space Exploration". Nextgov.com. Archived from the original on August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  31. Meyer, Robinson (August 10, 2022). "Congress Just Passed a Big Climate Bill. No, Not That One". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  32. "Governor Wolf, Bipartisan Governors Urge Congress to Pass CHIPS Act to Create American Jobs, Boost Semiconductor Production". Governor Tom Wolf. November 10, 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  33. "Governors urge passage of CHIPS Act funding to spur semiconductor 're-shoring' | InsideTrade.com". insidetrade.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  34. "Congress passes CHIPS Act, paving way for microchip plant in Ohio". WEWS. July 28, 2022. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  35. BeMiller, Haley. "Intel CEO: Company moving 'full speed ahead' on Ohio plans after CHIPS Act passes Congress". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  36. Moneyhon, Carl H. (2000). Coke, Richard (1829–1897), governor of Texas and U.S. senator. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0400249. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
  37. Nellis, Stephen (July 20, 2022). "Chip designers warm to U.S. bill despite big benefits to Intel". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  38. Cheng Ting-Fang; Lauly Li; Yifan Yu (August 2, 2022). "CHIPS Act leaves chipmakers facing choice between U.S. and China". NIKKEI Asia. Archived from the original on October 19, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  39. Motley Fool Transcribing (October 28, 2022). "Intel (INTC) Q3 2022 Earnings Call Transcript". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  40. Harris, Lee (February 28, 2023). "Harris on TAP: Unions for On-Time Construction". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  41. Kelly, Makena (July 28, 2022). "CHIPS Act clears Congress, ensuring $52 billion boost to US foundries". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
  42. "NEWS: Sanders Opposes All Blank Checks to Chip Companies » Senator Bernie Sanders". Senator Bernie Sanders. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  43. O'Meara, Sean (July 29, 2022). "China Says US Chip Act Will Harm Supply Chain, Global Trade". Asia Financial. Archived from the original on August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  44. Timmers, Paul; Kreps, Sarah (December 20, 2022). "Bringing economics back into EU and U.S. chips policy". Brookings. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  45. Kuttner, Robert (January 24, 2023). "Reclaiming U.S. Industry". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  46. Tankersley, Jim; Swanson, Jim (February 27, 2023). "Biden's Semiconductor Plan Flexes the Power of the Federal Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  47. Harris, Lee (June 22, 2023). "Chipmaker's Scramble to Build Marred by Mistakes and Injuries". The American Prospect. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  48. "CHIPS for America's Strong Start". U.S. Department of Commerce. April 13, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  49. Dayen, David (May 25, 2023). "A Liberalism That Builds Power". The American Prospect. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  50. Lee, Jane; Nellis, Stephen (May 22, 2023). "Applied Materials to invest $4 bln in Silicon Valley chip research center". Reuters. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  51. Harris, Lee (April 7, 2023). "BASED: CHIPS Act Manufacturer Snubs Union Workers". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  52. Krach, Keith; Hormats, Bob (December 21, 2022). "Funding the CHIPS and Science Act is a national security imperative". The Hill. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  53. "Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and CHIPS and Science Act Investments". Jack Conness. September 27, 2023. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  54. Ravi, Sarah; Casanova, Robert (December 14, 2022). "The CHIPS Act Has Already Sparked $200 Billion in Private Investments for U.S. Semiconductor Production". Semiconductor Industry Association. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  55. "GlobalFoundries Plans to Build New Fab in Upstate New York in Private-Public Partnership to Support U.S. Semiconductor Manufacturing" (Press release). GlobalFoundries. July 19, 2021. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  56. "Samsung says it will build $17B chip factory in Texas". NPR. Associated Press. November 24, 2021. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  57. "Intel to invest up to $100 billion in Ohio chip plants". CNBC. January 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  58. Service, Purdue News. "Purdue launches nation's first comprehensive Semiconductor Degrees Program". www.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  59. Paul, Joseph (May 27, 2022). "Purdue launches nation's first semiconductor degree program". WLFI News 18. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  60. "Texas Instruments Breaks Ground on New 300mm Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication Plant in Sherman, Texas". May 20, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  61. Lee, Jane Lanhee (July 20, 2022). "SkyWater unveils plans to build $1.8 bln chip facility in Indiana". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  62. "SkyWater Plans to Build Advanced $1.8B Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility in Partnership with the State of Indiana and Purdue University". www.businesswire.com. July 20, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  63. "Wolfspeed Selects North Carolina for World's Largest Silicon Carbide Materials Facility". Wolfspeed press release. September 9, 2022. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2023. In addition, the company hopes to apply for and obtain federal funding from the CHIPS and Science Act to accelerate the construction and build-out of the facility.
  64. "Chipmaker Micron to build $20 billion N.Y. factory amid semiconductor boom". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. New York is giving Micron $5.5 billion in tax credits over the life of the project if the company meets certain employment targets.
  65. Lohr, Steve (October 4, 2022). "Micron Pledges Up to $100 Billion for Semiconductor Factory in New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
  66. Kinery, Emma (December 6, 2022). "TSMC to up Arizona investment to $40 billion with second semiconductor chip plant". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 6, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  67. Jie, Yang (December 5, 2022). "TSMC's Arizona Chip Plant, Awaiting Biden Visit, Faces Birthing Pains - Taiwanese company cites high costs and shortage of skilled personnel as it pushes to open $12 billion factory next year". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023. Mr. Biden has been pushing to bring more high-tech manufacturing to the U.S. In August, he signed a law that includes $52 billion in direct aid for building semiconductor plants, which lawmakers viewed as key to ensuring American technology leadership and securing supply chains. ... Mr. Chang said the cost of making chips in Arizona may be at least 50% higher than in Taiwan.
  68. Smith, Noah (February 7, 2023). "The Build-Nothing Country - Stasis has become America's spoils system, and it can't go on". Archived from the original on March 3, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023. TSMC, the Taiwanese company that recently agreed to build a big plant in Arizona, is running into major cost issues:
  69. Clarke, Kaitlyn (February 15, 2023). "Texas Instruments To Build New Chip Factory in Lehi, Bringing Hundreds of Jobs to the State". business.utah.gov. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  70. "Governor Kelly Announces Integra Technologies to Invest $1.8B, Create Nearly 2,000 Jobs with Wichita Semiconductor Plant". Kansas Department of Commerce. February 2, 2023. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
  71. "Governor Kelly Announces EMP Shield Plans to Build $1.9 Billion, 1,200-Job Computer Chip Manufacturing Facility in Coffey County". Kansas Department of Commerce. February 20, 2023. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2023. EMP Shield will leverage state support to apply for CHIPS Act funding to see its plans to fruition. The project came together shortly after the CHIPS Act was signed into law last August. Additional stipulations include private-public partnerships as well as the involvement of higher education institutions.
  72. Bellan, Rebecca (April 26, 2023). "Bosch to acquire TSI Semiconductors to boost US chip production". TechCrunch. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  73. Kaminski, Kyle (June 30, 2023). "Whitmer Reels in Hundreds of Jobs as More Big-Name Companies Rush to 'Make it in Michigan'". The Gander - Michigan's Newsroom. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  74. "FACT SHEET: Biden-⁠Harris Administration Announces 31 Regional Tech Hubs to Spur American Innovation, Strengthen Manufacturing, and Create Good-Paying Jobs in Every Region of the Country". U.S. Department of Commerce. October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  75. "Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs (Tech Hubs)". U.S. Economic Development Administration. October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  76. Shepardson, David (October 23, 2023). "US picks 31 regional hubs to spur tech innovation". Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  77. Mechanic, Michael (April 27, 2023). "House Republicans Are Playing Debt-Ceiling Russian Roulette". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
  78. Jenkins, Jesse D. (May 2023). "What "Electrify Everything" Actually Looks Like". Mother Jones. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  79. John Podesta (May 10, 2023). "Remarks as Prepared for Delivery Before the Bipartisan Policy Center by Senior Advisor John Podesta on the Biden-Harris Administration's Priorities for Energy Infrastructure Permitting Reform". The White House. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
  80. Ragland, Will; Koronowski, Ryan; Simhoni, Shanee (June 20, 2023). "Biden Administration Investment Tracker". Center for American Progress. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  81. "Investing In America". The White House. September 26, 2023. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  82. "Applied Materials Launches Multibillion-Dollar R&D Platform in Silicon Valley to Accelerate Semiconductor Innovation". Applied Materials. May 22, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  83. Leggate, James (May 24, 2023). "Applied Materials to Build Chip R&D Center Costing Up to $4B". Engineering News-Record. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  • Chips and Science Act bill:
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.