Billie Sol Estes

Estes was born January 10, 1925, to John and Lillian Estes on a farm near Clyde, Texas, one of six children. Estes never attended college but nonetheless demonstrated a natural talent for business from an early age.

At 13, [Estes] received a lamb as a gift, sold its wool for $5, bought another lamb and went into business. At 15, he sold 100 sheep for $3,000. He borrowed $3,500 more from a bank, bought government surplus grain and sold it for a big profit. By 18, he had $38,000.[1]

He served in the U.S. Merchant Marine during World War II.[1]

In the late 1950s, Estes was heavily involved in the Texas anhydrous ammonia business. He produced mortgages on nonexistent ammonia tanks by convincing local farmers to purchase them on credit, sight unseen, and leasing them from the farmers for the same amount as the mortgage payment, paying them a convenience fee as well. He used the fraudulent mortgage holdings to obtain loans from banks outside Texas who were unable to easily check on the tanks.

At the same time, United States Department of Agriculture began controlling the price of cotton, specifying quotas to farmers. The program included an acreage allotment that normally was not transferable from the land it was associated with, but which could be transferred if the original land was taken by eminent domain.

Estes worked out a method to purchase large numbers of cotton allotments by dealing with farmers who had been dispossessed of land through eminent domain. He convinced the farmers to purchase land from him in Texas and transfer their allotments there, with a mortgage agreement delaying the first payment for a year. Then he would lease the land and allotments back from the farmer for $50 per acre. Once the first payment came due, the farmer would intentionally default and the land would revert to Estes; in effect, Estes had purchased the cotton allotments with the lease fees. However, because the original sale and mortgage were a pretext rather than a genuine sale, it was illegal to transfer the cotton allotments this way. Estes, however, a smooth talker revered by many of his fellow members of the Churches of Christ, asserted the allegations as politics.[2]

In 1962, after information came to light that Estes had paid off four Agriculture officials for grain storage contracts, President John F. Kennedy ordered the Justice Department and FBI to open investigations into Estes' activities and determine if Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman had also been "compromised" (Freeman was cleared).[3] Congress conducted hearings on Estes' business dealings, including some that led to Vice President Johnson, a long-time associate of Estes.[4]

In 1963 Estes was tried and convicted on charges related to the fraudulent ammonia tank mortgages on both federal and state charges and was sentenced to 24 years in prison. His state conviction was later overturned by the United States Supreme Court in Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532 (1965). His appeal hinged upon the alleged impossibility of a fair trial due to the presence of television cameras and broadcast journalists in the courtroom. He prevailed by a 5–4 vote. Estes was paroled in 1971. Eight years later, he was convicted of other fraud charges and served four more years.

Oscar Griffin Jr., the journalist who uncovered the storage tank scandal, later received the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for his articles for a weekly newspaper in Pecos, Texas. To improve his 1961 candidacy for Reeves County school board, Estes offered the local newspaper large advertising buys in exchange for not opposing him. The Pecos Independent responded with an editorial that said, "We will put our advertising columns up for sale, as will any other newspaper, but we WILL NOT sell our editorial support." In response, Estes launched the rival Pecos Daily News on August 1, 1961. He spent about $600,000 and the Independent lost $400,000. It was nearly bankrupt when Griffin, its editor, ran (February 12, 1962) the first of four articles describing Estes's fraud but without naming him. Estes was arrested ten days after the last article ran in March. After his arrest, the Daily News went into receivership and the Independent bought it and merged the two newspapers into the Pecos Enterprise.[5] When Griffin died in 2011, Estes remarked, "It's a good riddance that he left this world."[6]

Eight days before being sworn in as Vice-President of the United States in 1961, Lyndon B. Johnson wrote to Estes, thanking him for the gift of some roses, writing, "It's wonderful to have friends like you."[7]

After the 1961 inauguration, Estes received an invitation from Cliff Carter, a Johnson aide. "Call me in the Vice-President's office as we can serve you." The Pecos Daily News pictured Estes chatting with the Vice-President's daughter during inauguration week.[7]

On March 28, 1962, during the leases scandal, Estes sought the advice of Frank Cain, an attorney for the Pacific Finance Corporation, one of the institutions to which Estes was in debt. Cain told Holland McCombs, a journalist, that Estes made calls to Lyndon Johnson's Washington office while he was being investigated by federal and state agencies, saying he would have Johnson stop the investigation. "I'll get ahold of Lyndon and get him to call it off," Estes said. By "it." he meant the investigation.[8] Estes contributed large amounts to Johnson's various campaigns for office, but some say that Johnson barely knew Estes, and that Estes was merely a name-dropper.[9]

Estes alleged in the 1980s that he had inside knowledge that Johnson was involved in the assassination of Kennedy.[10][11] In 1984, he provided a voluntary statement to a grand jury in Texas alleging that the homicide of Henry Marshall, a key investigator in the Department of Agriculture case, was perpetrated by Malcolm Wallace, an aide to Johnson, upon orders from the then-Vice President.[1] Estes claimed that Johnson was involved in the fraud schemes and had the official killed to prevent him from exposing Johnson's role.[12] Two former Johnson associates responded to the allegations stating Estes was a "pathological liar".[13] When the Department of Justice asked for more information, Estes responded that he would provide information on eight other murders ordered by Johnson, including the assassination of Kennedy, in exchange for immunity from prosecution and a pardon. According to Estes, Johnson set up the assassination to become president.[1]

Estes reiterated the claim in JFK Le Dernier Témoin: Assassinat de Kennedy, Enfin La Vérité! ("JFK The Last Witness: Kennedy's Assassination, Finally The Truth!"), a book he co-wrote with a French writer in 2003.[11][14] He said that he was not interested in writing the book—published only in France—but that he was offered "a few hundred thousand dollars" to contribute to it.[11] According to the Associated Press, the allegation was "rejected by prominent historians, Johnson aides and family members."[14]

Estes died at his home in DeCordova, Texas, on May 14, 2013, at the age of 88.[1][15][16][17]

• Barmash, Isadore. Great Business Disasters: Swindlers, Burglars, and Frauds. Chapter 3 discusses Estes's initial success in agriculture and subsequent turn to illegal activities.
• Demaret, Kent (April 23, 1979) "Billie Sol Estes May Face New Fraud Charges, but He's Never Up the Creek Without a Paddle" People
• Duscha, Julius (1964) Taxpayers' Hayride: The Farm Problem from the New Deal to the Billie Sol Estes Case Little, Brown, Boston, Massachusetts, OCLC 360916
• Estes, Billie Sol (2004) Billie Sol Estes: a Texas Legend BS Production, Granbury, Texas, OCLC 61207259; an autobiography
• Estes, Pam (1983) Billie Sol: King of Texas Wheeler-Dealers Noble Craft Books, Abilene, Texas, ISBN 0-915733-00-5; a sympathetic biography by his daughter
• Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee (1966) Operations of Billie Sol Estes: Eighth Report by the Committee on Government Operations Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee, House Committee on Government Operations, United States Congress, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., OCLC 35
• Staff (May 25, 1962). "Investigations: Decline & Fall". Time. An account of the Billie Sol Estes scandal
• Reymond, William; Estes, Billie Sol (1998). JFK, le dernier témoin [JFK, the last witness]. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 2080675060. LCCN 99175053. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Also listed as JFK: autopsie d'un crime d'État, JFK: autopsy of a state crime. Estes's name is on the book's cover, but the Library of Congress catalogue does not credit him.
• Williams, Roger M., ed. (1973). The Super Crooks: A Rogues' Gallery of Famous Hustlers, Swindlers, and Thieves. Chicago: Playboy Press.
• Billie Sol Estes vs. The state of Texas original exhibits. Library of Congress. 1962–1965. LCCN 2008577771.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Archival Manuscript Material 1 portfolio (32 photographic prints, 3 booklets, 5 text items)