Bayanbulak Grassland National Nature Reserve

Bayanbulak Grassland National Nature Reserve (Chinese: 巴音布鲁克; pinyin: Bāyīnbùlǔkè) (from Mongolian "abundant spring") [1] is the second largest grassland in China, located in the Bayanbulak Basin of the Tian Shan mountains in northwest China.[2] The terrain is mostly flat, and encompasses a middle section of the Kaidu River ("Peacock River"). The reserve is 200 km northwest of Korla in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

Bayanbulak Grassland
National Nature Reserve
(also: Bayinbuluke)
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Bayan Baluk Reserve, with cutoff lakes of the Kaidu River
Kaidu River, on the Bayan Baluk Reserve
Map showing the location of Bayanbulak Grassland National Nature Reserve
Map showing the location of Bayanbulak Grassland National Nature Reserve
Location, in Xinjiang Province
LocationHejing County, Xinjiang, China
Nearest cityKorla
Coordinates42.75°N 84.33°E / 42.75; 84.33
Area148,689 ha (1,486.89 km2; 574.09 sq mi)

As a high-altitude marshland (at 2,000 - 2,500 meters), the reserve is an important breeding and staging ground for birds and waterfowl, and is the highest-altitude breeding ground for swans in the world.[3] The area has been designated an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA #CN-114) by Birdlife International.[4]

Borders of Bayan Bulak Reserve (in red outline)

At the center of the reserve is "Swan Lake", a connected series of wetlands, which was designated in 1980 as the "Bayanbulak Swan Nature Reserve" by the Xinjiang government, and upgraded in 1986 to a "National Swan Reserve" by the government of China.[3]

Topography

The Bayanbulak Basin is an intermontane valley of the basin-and-range of the Tian Shan mountains, to the north of the Tarim Basin. The total area of grassland is 23,835 km2 (9,203 sq mi), of which the reserve itself covers 1,486 km2 (574 sq mi). The Kaidu River runs from west to east through the area, at times meandering and leaving cutoff lakes, and is fed from streams from the high ranges of the Tian Shan to the north and south. The rivers are meandering and braided over gravel beds.[5] In 1982, the Du-Ku highway was built across the Tian Shan, greatly opening access to the area.[3]

Climate

The area has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk). There are extreme seasonal variation in temperature, and nights are cold, even in the summer. The Tian Shan are high enough to collect precipitation from the moist arctic air coming from the northwest. The middle elevations, such as at Bayanbulak, receive an average of 270 mm of precipitation per year, enough to support steppe floral communities. Average annual temperature on the grassland is −4.8 °C (23.4 °F).[6][7]

Climate data for Bayanbulak (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2)		 1.1
(34.0)		 14.2
(57.6)		 22.2
(72.0)		 24.7
(76.5)		 24.8
(76.6)		 27.7
(81.9)		 28.3
(82.9)		 24.2
(75.6)		 19.2
(66.6)		 11.7
(53.1)		 0.6
(33.1)		 28.3
(82.9)
Average high °C (°F) −19.5
(−3.1)		 −14.2
(6.4)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 9.0
(48.2)		 13.6
(56.5)		 16.7
(62.1)		 18.6
(65.5)		 18.3
(64.9)		 14.6
(58.3)		 7.7
(45.9)		 −3.4
(25.9)		 −15.1
(4.8)		 3.6
(38.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −26.4
(−15.5)		 −21.7
(−7.1)		 −10.2
(13.6)		 1.3
(34.3)		 5.9
(42.6)		 9.6
(49.3)		 11.3
(52.3)		 10.4
(50.7)		 6.2
(43.2)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −11.0
(12.2)		 −21.7
(−7.1)		 −3.9
(24.9)
Average low °C (°F) −31.9
(−25.4)		 −27.9
(−18.2)		 −16.9
(1.6)		 −5.1
(22.8)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 3.2
(37.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 3.7
(38.7)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −8.0
(17.6)		 −16.7
(1.9)		 −26.8
(−16.2)		 −10.3
(13.5)
Record low °C (°F) −48.1
(−54.6)		 −43.0
(−45.4)		 −37.4
(−35.3)		 −24.0
(−11.2)		 −14.6
(5.7)		 −8.8
(16.2)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −11.5
(11.3)		 −13.1
(8.4)		 −25.5
(−13.9)		 −39.1
(−38.4)		 −42.7
(−44.9)		 −48.1
(−54.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.6
(0.14)		 3.5
(0.14)		 5.0
(0.20)		 11.5
(0.45)		 25.0
(0.98)		 69.5
(2.74)		 79.9
(3.15)		 61.4
(2.42)		 24.8
(0.98)		 5.8
(0.23)		 6.5
(0.26)		 4.8
(0.19)		 301.3
(11.88)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 6.4 6.0 5.8 7.7 12.3 17.9 19.0 14.7 9.3 4.6 5.1 6.8 115.6
Average snowy days 11.1 11.7 12.0 10.2 6.2 1.2 0.2 0.5 3.3 6.6 10.8 12.5 86.3
Average relative humidity (%) 76 77 74 62 61 67 69 68 65 65 74 77 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 186.5 195.2 239.1 243.9 254.5 229.7 244.1 255.0 246.3 241.5 180.5 165.6 2,681.9
Percent possible sunshine 63 65 64 60 56 50 53 60 67 72 63 59 61
Source: China Meteorological Administration[8][9]

Ecoregion

The Bayan Bulak Reserve is in the Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows ecoregion (WWF #1019). This region centers on the isolated Tian Sham mountains of Central Asia, and is characterized by extreme altitude differences - from glaciers at the 7,400 meter levels of the peaks to the flat deserts and steppes at 2,000 meters.[6][10]

Flora and Fauna

The vegetation is sub-alpine and alpine meadow and steppe for the most part. The lowest sections of the basin are swamp and swamp-meadow.[3] The greater grasslands of the Bayanbulak are one of the most productive pasturelands in China, with an estimated 1.5 million sheep causing over-grazing in areas around the reserve.

In recent years, there has been aggressive growth of Pedicularis kansuensis, a type of Lousewort, that has damaged the local vegetation.[7]

The area is best known for its breeding swans. The swan population was estimated at over 20,000 in the 1980s, but by 2001 this had declined to 2,000. Over 120 species of birds have been recorded at the site.[3] The swamp areas, most valuable to the waterfowl, have characteristic vegetation of Carex (sedges), Triglochin palustris (marsh arrowgrass), Batrachium, and Utricularia (bladderwort).

Access and Tourism

An admission fee is charged for tourists. Hotels and guest houses are available in Bayanbulak, and tents may be rented on the grassland. There is a cultural event for locals and tourists each year, the Nadam Fair, featuring horse racing, wrestling, and other local customs.

See also

Mongolia
  • Bayanbulag, a sum (district) in Bayankhongor Aimags (province)

Russia

References
  1. "Bayanbulak Grassland". Travel China Guide. Travel China Guide. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  2. "Understanding the Late Palaeozoic - Mesozoic tectonic and topographic evolution of Tian Shan". Geoscience Rennes. Universite de Rennes. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  3. Baiping, Zhang (November 2002). "Human-Induced Changes to Biodiversity and Alpine Pastureland in the Bayanbulak Region of the East Tianshan Mountains" (PDF). Mountain Research and Development. 22 (4): 383–389. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0383:hictba]2.0.co;2. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  4. "Bayanbulak Grassland". Birdlife International. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  5. Métivier, Francoise (March 22, 2016). "Geometry of meandering and braided gravel-bed threads from the Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, P. R. China" (PDF). Earth Surface Dynamics. 4: 273–283. doi:10.5194/esurf-4-273-2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  6. "Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows". Ecoregions of the World. World Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  7. Xiaolin, SUI (2016). "Identity and distribution of weedy Pedicularis kansuensis Maxim. (Orobanchaceae) in Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang: morphological, anatomical and molecular evidence". Journal of Arid Land. 8 (3): 453–461. doi:10.1007/s40333-016-0004-0. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  8. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  9. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  10. "Ecoregions - Tian Shan". Global Species. GlobalSpecies.org. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
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